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Nutrigenomics for Sport and Exercise Performance
Published in Peter M. Tiidus, Rebecca E. K. MacPherson, Paul J. LeBlanc, Andrea R. Josse, The Routledge Handbook on Biochemistry of Exercise, 2020
Nanci S. Guest, Marc Sicova, Ahmed El-Sohemy
Delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is commonly experienced in the days following unaccustomed or strenuous training, and it is characterized by tender, stiff muscles, which can also cause a temporary reduction in strength and range of motion (94). DOMS is a result of exercise-induced muscle damage, which at low levels, is a positive stimulus for muscle growth and increased strength (87). However, excessive damage or inadequate recovery may cause persistent and unnecessary soreness, which can impede strength gains or improvements in aerobic capacity and increase the risk of developing overuse injuries (84). DOMS is caused by oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle protein degradation (26). There is considerable variability in an individual's response to muscle-damaging exercise due to factors such as age, training and sport history, and genetics (39). Research shows that variation in the ACTN3 gene influences one's susceptibility to muscle damage after prolonged, strenuous, or unaccustomed exercise (38). The type of activity inducing the greatest muscle damage is most often high-intensity resistance or strength and power-type training.
Skeletal Muscle Damage and Recovery from Eccentric Contractions
Published in Datta Sourya, Debasis Bagchi, Extreme and Rare Sports, 2019
Although delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) is also a common symptom of muscle damage, the mechanisms responsible for DOMS remain somewhat uncertain. DOMS refers to the dull, aching pain felt during movement or upon palpation of the affected tissue and often accompanies EIMD (Clarkson, Nosaka, and Braun 1992). It is commonly believed that micro-trauma of myofibers and subsequent inflammation causes DOMS. However, mechanical hyperalgesia occurs 1–3 days after ECCs in rats, without any apparent microscopic damage of the muscle or signs of inflammation (Hayashi et al. 2017). Indeed, muscle soreness in humans appears in the hours following ECCs, peaking 1–3 days after ECCs, and disappearing after 7–10 days (Cheung, Hume, and Maxwell 2003).
Applied exercise physiology and health
Published in Nick Draper, Helen Marshall, Exercise Physiology, 2014
The exercise adage of ‘no pain, no gain’ can be evidenced immediately after activity and as a delayed response. The immediate feeling of fatigue and ‘pain’ after exercise (sometimes referred to as the ‘pump’) results from the accumulation of exercise metabolites such as hydrogen ions in the muscles and, in the case of rock climbing, sailing, pumping and intense weight-training, the pump is caused by blood pooling in the working muscles. These feelings normally subside within minutes or an hour or two after exercise. Intense exercise, however, can result in a delayed onset of muscle soreness known as DOMS which normally occurs within 1–2 days of the exercise and lasts for up to a week post exercise. The symptoms of DOMS include muscle stiffness and soreness, and often leave the areas affected feeling tender to touch. These symptoms tend to peak at onset, dissipating over the following days.
Ten Days of Curcumin Supplementation Attenuates Subjective Soreness and Maintains Muscular Power Following Plyometric Exercise
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Angela R. Hillman, Alexa Gerchman, Erin O’Hora
Exercise induced muscle damage (EIMD) is especially common after unaccustomed or intense exercise, or exercise that involves eccentric muscle actions (Proske and Morgan 2001). Plyometric exercises, which involve rapid, repetitive, and explosive movements (e.g. drop jumps), often leads to EIMD, oxidative stress, and inflammation. EIMD immediately post exercise reduces strength production up to 60% and power production up to 15% (Byrne and Eston 2002). While the inflammatory process following exercise is necessary for adaptation (Margaritelis et al. 2018), it is thought that left uncontrolled, it can lead to secondary damage and delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS). DOMS typically peaks between 24-72 h after exercise and reduces neuromuscular functions such as strength, range of motion, and power and causes stiffness and swelling (Howell et al. 1993; Byrne et al. 2004), all of which can affect athletic performance. While eccentric-biased exercises such as plyometrics can lead to EIMD and DOMS, plyometric training can be beneficial by improving jump performance (Racil et al. 2016; Stojanović et al. 2017; Li et al. 2019), change of direction ability (Asadi et al. 2016), and running economy (Li et al. 2019). Given that plyometric exercise has become popular and effective modality for training sports-specific power (de Villarreal et al. 2009; Cormie et al. 2011), particularly in-season (Faude et al. 2013; Chelly et al. 2015), it is important to investigate ways to mitigate the DOMS that will result from this type of exercise, especially for individuals who have short recovery periods between bouts.
Effectiveness of a combined New Zealand green-lipped mussel and Antarctic krill oil supplement on markers of exercise-induced muscle damage and inflammation in untrained men
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2022
Matthew J. Barenie, MS, RD, Jessica A. Freemas, MS, Marissa N. Baranauskas, PhD, Curtis S. Goss, MSK, Kadie L. Freeman, MS, Xiwei Chen, MS, Stephanie L. Dickinson, MS, Alyce D. Fly, PhD, CFS, Keisuke Kawata, PhD, Robert F. Chapman, PhD, FACSM, Timothy D. Mickleborough, PhD
DOMS in all groups was found to peak between 24 − 48 h following the downhill running protocol, which is a common feature following eccentric exercise (Clarkson and Hubal 2002; Mickleborough et al. 2015). At every time point during recovery, the placebo group had higher DOMS ratings compared to ESPO-572® and PCSO-524®. These data add to previous evidence supporting the consumption of PUFAs for the relief of DOMS (Jouris et al. 2011; Tsuchiya et al. 2019). Polyunsaturated fatty acids have been shown to inhibit nociception by downregulating various crucial factors known to stimulate pain (i.e. neurodegeneration, inflammation, reactive oxygen species, and nociceptive fiber sprouting) (Figueroa et al. 2013). Importantly, DOMS has been shown to interfere with activities of daily living in adult populations and to impair neuromuscular function in athletes, and elevating the risk of injury (Cheung et al. 2003; Trost et al. 2011). Thus, a reduction in DOMS following chronic supplementation with n-3 PUFA dense oil blends may importantly encourage more spontaneous physical activity by accelerating recovery from previous physical activity and/or provide an injury protective effect in athletes.
Curcumin Improves Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness and Postexercise Lactate Accumulation
Published in Journal of Dietary Supplements, 2021
Alistair R. Mallard, David Briskey, Andrew Richards, BExSSc, Amanda Rao
Recovery is an important factor for athletes in the exercise and competition phase (Rodriguez et al. 2009; Peake, Neubauer, Walsh, et al. 2017). Successful recovery from an exercise bout allows for a quicker return to the next bout, and possibly allows for a higher intensity to be achieved or maintained (Carfagno and Hendrix 2014). Increasing the intensity and volume of exercise in a given period may allow for improved adaptations and performance in subsequent bouts (Carfagno and Hendrix 2014; Dankel et al. 2017). Typically, the limiting factor to repeated exercise bouts is delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS). DOMS is pain and stiffness from muscle damage sustained from exercise (Nicol et al. 2015) and may limit physical function and activity for several days (Lewis et al. 2012). Traditionally, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are used to help alleviate DOMS (Lewis et al. 2012; Schoenfeld 2012). However, long-term use of such drugs may have damaging effects on muscle growth (Schoenfeld 2012) and have several side effects (Harirforoosh et al. 2013). Thus, alternative therapies for exercise recovery are required.