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The Salivary Glands
Published in Raymond W Clarke, Diseases of the Ear, Nose & Throat in Children, 2023
Treatment at first is focused on measures to improve oromandibular posture, often with the help of a SALT and orthodontist. Pharmacological interventions include the use of antimuscarinic agents (e.g. hyoscine), frequently administered by dermal patches. ORL clinicians are often involved as part of the MDT looking after these children and are called upon when conservative measures fail. Many ORL clinicians have developed expertise in the injection of Botulinus toxin (Botox A) directly into the parotid and submandibular glands. Botox acts by binding to the presynaptic receptors to block acetylcholine release from parasympathetic secretomotor nerves, thus reducing salivary flow. There is a risk of extravasation and of trauma to the facial nerve, but accurate placement of the injections with the help of ultrasound guidance has made the procedure far safer. The effect is temporary, and the procedure may need to be repeated every few months.
Clinical aspects of estrogens and osteoporosis
Published in Barry G. Wren, Progress in the Management of the Menopause, 2020
Estrogen is still mainly given in oral formulations, but dermal patches are gaining increased recognition. In non-hysterectomized women progestogens have to be added to protect against endometrial cancer, while hysterectomized women can be treated with estrogen alone. Traditionally the United States has used estrogens (equinolones) derived from the urine of pregnant mares, while Europe has used synthetic estradiol preparations.
Microneedles for drug delivery: recent advances in materials and geometry for preclinical and clinical studies
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Delivery, 2021
Nae-Won Kang, Sungho Kim, Jae-Young Lee, Ki-Taek Kim, Yuji Choi, Yujeong Oh, Jongchan Kim, Dae-Duk Kim, Jung-Hwan Park
Other types of MAPs have been developed to alleviate obesity or nociception. Dangol et al. fabricated a caffeine-loaded MAP to treat high-fat diet-induced obesity. In this study, hyaluronic acid acted not only as a dissolving matrix but also as a crystal growth inhibitor. The hyaluronic acid inhibited the crystal growth of caffeine, which increased loading efficiency. This MAP successfully achieved 12.8 ± 0.75% of body weight loss in MAP-treated mice when administered three times a week [94]. Some researchers have studied a fentanyl-loaded MAP for the management of acute and chronic pain [154]. This MAP delivered the drug more effectively with an onset time of 0.5 hr, much faster than the dermal patch (6 hr). This MAP also relieved the pain with a lower amount of drug, compared to conventional transdermal patches intended for systemic delivery.
Rutin–phospholipid complex in polymer matrix for long-term delivery of rutin via skin for the treatment of inflammatory diseases
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
The polymeric dermal patches were prepared by solvent casting method without release liner and adhesive. The presence of plasticizer PEG 400 in the dried drug-polymer matrix imparts adhesive property to the prepared patch and no additional adhesive material was applied in the formulation [53]. Patch formulation composed of 500 mg total polymer with ERL and PVP at 70:30 ratios and PEG at 20% w/w was selected as optimized patch. The patch formulation was evaluated for weight variation, thickness, surface area, % drug content, moisture content, moisture uptake, water vapour absorption rate, flatness and folding endurance to ascertain its desired physicochemical qualities. The various physicochemical data are tabulated in Table 2.
Development and evaluation of a novel methotrexate-loaded electrospun patch to alleviate psoriasis plaques
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Shiva Hashemi, Seyed Alireza Mortazavi, Hamid Reza Moghimi, Behzad Darbasizadeh
These findings show that polymer blending causes a decrease in strong fiber-fiber cohesion, leading to individual breakage. Additionally, the incorporation of MTX significantly compromises both tensile strength and toughness. Since dermal patches are consumed as dressings on the skin, their mechanical strength is of crucial importance. From a drug delivery perspective, optimal fibrous mats should be capable of sustaining deformation and tolerating moderate loads. Therefore, due to the weak mechanical properties of Eudragit L100, when used alone, it is not the option of choice for fibrous mats. However, in the case of polymeric blends, it can play a significant role in modifying the properties of the other ingredients.