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Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Xanthones, or xanthonoids, mainly found in mangosteen and canistel fruits, are natural phenolic compounds. Mangosteen fruit and canistel or egg fruit are native to Southeast Asia, Mexico, and South America. There are about 280 xanthones from natural sources, but mangosteen alone contains around 68 xanthone-type compounds, among which the best known are α-, β-, γ- mangostins (184–185). Several studies have shown that xanthones and mangosteen extracts possess antioxidant, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, anti-allergy, anti-asthmatic, antidiabetic, antidiarrheal, antiparasitic, antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, anti-amebic, and analgesic activities (184–185). In laboratory experiments, they inhibited growth and proliferation of human leukemia cells and other cancer cells of the colon and bile duct (185). Xanthones are able to inhibit several molecular targets in the tumor cells, including cyclooxygenases, kinases, ribonucleotide reductase, and DNA polymerases (184). Xanthones may prevent cancer, heart attack, and inflammatory diseases (asthma) (184–185). Mangosteen extracts are a traditional remedy in many Asian countries for the treatment of ameba dysentery, diarrhea, cholera, and some local infections.
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Xanthone (Figure 12.11) is an organic compound with a distinctive symmetric tricyclic aromatic structure that forms the core of a large variety of naturally occurring plant polyphenols collectively referred to as xanthones or xanthonoids. Methoxy, hydroxy, and isoprene substituents at various locations on the A- and C-rings provide the diversity of structures within this family of compounds. The xanthones are biosynthetically related to the flavonoids, and over 200 have been identified to date. A number of different biological activities have been attributed to xanthone compounds, but the most predominant is antioxidant activity. Structures of the parent xanthone ring system, and one of the most abundant xanthones with potential cancer chemopreventive properties, mangostin.
Anti-Cancer Agents from Natural Sources
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Debasish Bandyopadhyay, Felipe Gonzalez
Xanthones are a group of naturally occurring compounds. Currently, over 200 xanthones are knownworldwide (see Figure 5.13). About 50 xanthone derivatives are originated in the pericarp of the purple mangosteen plant (Garcinia mangostana). The mangosteen plant uses xanthones and tannins to promote astringe effect on invading insects and fungi (Demirkiran et al., 2007). Xanthones are oxyheterocyclic ketones that can be classified into five subgroups: simple oxygenated xanthones, prenylated, xanthonolignoids, xanthone glycosides, and miscellaneous (Matsumoto et al., 2004). Recent research (in vitro) in leukemia, glioblastoma, and even melanoma cell lines has shown great promise of α-mangostin (axanthones derivative) for further study. The active compound α-mangostin is an important xanthone derivative that can be found within the skin of the mangosteen fruit. It was thought to contain limited anticancer activity, until a group of researchers reported an α-mangostin-induced apoptosis in human leukemia (HL60) cell lines. Matsumoto et al., (2004) conducted research on α-mangostin. It was concluded that α-mangostin could increase caspase-3 level in HL60 cells to adopt apoptosis by targeting the mitochondria in early cancer development. This effect, in turn, decreasesthe membrane potential (deltapsim). In HCC cells, it was (Hsieh et al., 2013) reported that α-mangostin could promote nuclear chromatin condensation and arrest in the sub-G1 phase to stop cellular division.
Short-Time Administration of Xanthone From Garcinia mangostana Fruit Pericarp Attenuates the Hepatotoxicity and Renotoxicity of Type II Diabetes Mice
Published in Journal of the American College of Nutrition, 2020
Naymul Karim, Md. Atiar Rahman, Suksan Changlek, Jitbanjong Tangpong
Xanthones or xanthen-9H-ones are polyphenolic compounds rich in Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp. Garcinia mangostana is available in Southeast Asian countries. Xanthones comprise a basic xanthone skeleton with different functional substituents (Figure 1) (11). high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp showed that mangosteen contained 69.01% α-mangostin, 17.85% γ-mangostin, 4.13% gartanin, 2.95% 8-deoxygartanin, 2.84% garcinone E, and 3.22% other xanthone (12). A review study reported that xanthone possesses potential antioxidant, anti-allergy, anti-inflammatory, antifungal, antidiabetic, antibacteria, antimalaria, and anticancer activities (13). In addition, xanthone-rich mangosteen products are very effective as a dietary supplement in the United States because of their potent antioxidant properties (14). However, the potentiality of mangosteen-derived xanthone against diabetic-induced hepatotoxicity and renotoxicity is yet to be studied. Therefore, the aim of this research was to evaluate the hepatoprotective and renoprotective effect of xanthone obtained from Garcinia mangostana fruit pericarp against high fat diet (HFD)- and streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes.
Neuropharmacological and molecular docking studies of xanthones from Swertia corymbosa
Published in Journal of Receptors and Signal Transduction, 2018
Ganesan Mahendran, Ramachandran Vijayan
Anxiolytic effects of xanthones and its relatively good tolerability have been shown in numerous animal and human studies [30,31]. The increase in the activity in the open arms directly reflects a reduction of anxiety and the reduction in the activity in the closed arms shows a decrease of stress. The presence of anxiolytic properties was confirmed in the OF test, where compounds increased the crossing at the dose of 50 mg/kg BW and decreased locomotion in the OF at the same dose. These effects observed in the OF suggest anxiolytic properties of the compounds. Bum et al. [32] and Rodgers et al. [33] showed that any compound which increases the crossing and reduces the locomotion produced under the conditions of stress that the OF imposes is anxiolytic. These anxiolytic effects could be mediated by compounds which could act as agonists of benzodiazepines and GABA on the benzodiazepines/GABA receptors; or as antagonists of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) on the NMDA receptors [34]. These anxiolytic properties could also result from the antagonism of the 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on its type 2 or type 3 receptors [35].
Mangosteen ethanol extract alleviated the severity of collagen-induced arthritis in rats and produced synergistic effects with methotrexate
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Jian Zuo, Qin Yin, Lin Wang, Wen Zhang, Yan Fan, Yu-Yan Zhou, Yan Li, Guo-Dong Wang
Previously, we demonstrated that xanthone derivatives had significant therapeutic effects on experimental arthritis in vivo (Zuo et al. 2014, 2015). α-Mangostin (MG), a naturally occurring prenylated xanthone, is deemed as an attractive experimental compound, owing to its high abundance and potential clinical efficacy. Our recent investigation (Zuo et al. 2018) found that different mechanisms were involved in the therapeutic actions of cDMARDs and MG on adjuvant-induced arthritis (AA) in rats. The typical cDMARD, leflunomide, potently inhibited the hyperactivated immune functions associated with AA and was effective against the secondary inflammation and polyarthritis. Conversely, MG efficiently alleviated acute inflammation, while had a milder influence on the immune system. Compared with leflunomide, MG treatment resulted in significant structural and functional improvements to joints (Zuo et al. 2018). Considering the notable protective effects on joints and different therapeutic mechanisms, the combination of MG and cDMARDs could possibly have synergistic effects.