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Heterocyclic Drug Design and Development
Published in Rohit Dutt, Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Vandana Garg, Promising Drug Molecules of Natural Origin, 2020
Garima Verma, Mohammad Shaquiquzzaman, Mohammad Mumtaz Alam
Insecticides are the substances intended to kill, repel, harm, or mitigate one or more species of insects. Different insecticides exhibit insecticidal properties through different modes of action. A few insecticides mentioned in Table 9.22 are obtained from natural sources.
Cockroach and other inhalant insect allergens
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Cockroaches can be controlled using a variety of insecticides formulated as baits, dusts, sprays, and aerosols. Organochlorine, organophosphate, and carbamate insecticides, which were extensively used in sprays against cockroaches, are no longer registered with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) for cockroach control indoors. Other classes of insecticides (namely pyrethroids and neonicotinoids), which disrupt the insect's nervous system, are used as residual insecticides in spray formulations. However, their use is not recommended in most residential settings because they deposit residues that may be contacted by children and pets. Moreover, most populations of the German cockroach are highly resistant to pyrethroid insecticides, significantly compromising their effectiveness. Many do-it-yourself aerosols and total release foggers (TRFs, “bug bombs”) contain pyrethroids; they have marginal or no efficacy but cause the evolution of resistance and contaminate surfaces in the indoor environment [111]. Effective dusts include boric acid and diatomaceous earth (silica), but their use requires some skill, and they are often applied excessively and in improper locations. Biological approaches to environmental control are being researched but are still far from being commercially developed.
Some Case Histories
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
One of the potential problems that makes outdoor assessment and control of potential vectors so important is that a small, persistent, population of an effective vector (such as A. gambiae or A. funestus) may rebound once the insecticidal effect has worn off, or once resistance develops in the mosquito. Alternatives to insecticide-based interventions are required. As the saying goes, ‘if your only tool is a hammer then you tend to see every problem as a nail’. We need to invent some chisels, screwdrivers or saws to complete the job!
The role of UDP-glycosyltransferases in xenobioticresistance
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2022
Diana Dimunová, Petra Matoušková, Radka Podlipná, Iva Boušová, Lenka Skálová
The application of chemical-based insecticides is the primary strategy for the control of many insect pest species. However, this strategy has resulted in the evolution of resistance, leading to considerable yield losses of crops. Based on the Arthropod Pesticide Resistance Database (https://www.pesticideresistance.org/), one of the most successful species reported to having developed resistance to 56 different insecticides is Leptinotarsa decemlineata, the Colorado potato beetle, a destructive pest of solanaceous crops such as the potato and tomato. Understanding the mechanisms of insecticide resistance would aid in the development of novel chemicals and other strategies of pest control. Among such mechanisms, several metabolic enzymes that transform chemical insecticides to less toxic compounds have been identified, including cytochromes P450 (Feyereisen et al. 2015; Cui et al. 2016; Jin et al. 2019), glutathione S-transferases (Hu, Zhang, et al. 2019), and esterases (Mao et al. 2021).
Protective effects of extracts of lichen Dirinaria consimilis (Stirton) D.D. Awasthi in bifenthrin- and diazinon-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vitro
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Vinay Bharadwaj Tatipamula, Biljana Kukavica
Insecticides (including both larvicides and ovicides) are compounds used to kill insects, commonly labeled as carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines. For decades, the utilization of insecticides in agriculture, medicine, and public health has affected environmental and human health (Ehlers et al.1993). Moreover, the discovery of new insecticides having more toxicity and fast diffusion into the surrounding environments has required finding their potentially hazardous effects on human health. These hazardous substances have turned into an integral portion of the ecological unit, even though most of them are extremely poisonous not only to humans but also to all living organisms, including mammals (Misra and Pandey 2005, Flint and Van Den Bosch 2012). Previous investigations on the mechanism of action of insecticides proposed that they mostly act by affecting the nervous system and organelle enzyme activities, thereby harming the equilibrium between antioxidants and pro-oxidants in the body and provoking oxidative stress (Singh et al.2001, Mossa et al.2014, Syed et al.2017).
Impaired neuromuscular function by conjoint actions of organophosphorus insecticide metabolites omethoate and cyclohexanol with implications for treatment of respiratory failure
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2021
Kosala N. Dissanayake, Robert Chang-Chih Chou, Adrian Thompson, Filip Margetiny, Charlotte Davie, Scott McKinnon, Vishwendra Patel, Lester Sultatos, Joseph J. McArdle, Richard E. Clutton, Michael Eddleston, Richard R. Ribchester
In the present study, we tested directly the hypothesis that muscle weakness following agricultural insecticide consumption is caused by the combined effects of its main constituent metabolites, omethoate and cyclohexanol. We first examined for, and ruled out, any significant effects of relevant concentrations of cyclohexanol on AChE enzymic activity. We then used force recordings to measure the effects of intravenous (i.v.) administration of omethoate and cyclohexanol on muscle strength in anaesthetised pigs, or after adding those compounds to solutions bathing isolated mouse muscles. Our findings provide new insight into the causes and mechanisms of paralysis following ingestion of insecticide which have eluded explanation for more than 40 years. We also found effective mitigating treatments that may have clinical utility.