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The Challenge of Parasite Control
Published in Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin, Parasitology, 2023
Eric S. Loker, Bruce V. Hofkin
Many alternatives to DDT exist and insecticides are still widely used to reduce vector density. Examples include the organophosphates like malathion and the pyrethroids. Organophosphates work by inhibiting acetylcholinesterases (enzymes that hydrolyze the neurotransmitter acetylcholine) in insects. Pyrethroids, similar to compounds produced by pyrethrum flowers, act in a manner similar to DDT in that they disrupt sodium ion channel proteins on neurons. Many of these compounds, however, raise some of the same issues as DDT. Organophosphates are toxic to humans and other animals. Pyrethroids, generally harmless to humans, are toxic to aquatic organisms.
Role of Environmental Toxicants and Inflammation in Parkinson’s Disease
Published in Abhai Kumar, Debasis Bagchi, Antioxidants and Functional Foods for Neurodegenerative Disorders, 2021
Biddut Deb Nath, Dipti Debnath, Rokeya Pervin, Md. Akil Hossain
Pyrethroids are a latest category of insecticides mostly present in mosquito repellants and insecticides in households. Animal experiments documented the potential of pyrethroids to obliqely enhance DaT-moderated DA absorption,178 and thus induce dopaminergic cells to become obliquely apoptotic.179 Nonetheless, this field needs more research as there is few clear human evidence apart from the general finding that PD is correlated with pesticide use like pyrethroids.7
Malaria
Published in Roger Cooter, John Pickstone, Medicine in the Twentieth Century, 2020
The mosquito net has a long cultural and social history little explored by scholars. First used to reduce the nuisance of mosquitoes at night rather than to prevent malaria, bednets initially replaced ‘turtling,’ as it is called in Jamaica where today it is still practiced — sleeping with one’s head under the covers to avoid bites. Now associated with tropical elegance, they appear in films about Africa or India, wafting in the breeze of punkahs and suffused with colonial nostalgia. Since the 1980s, however, bednets have been increasingly suffused with insecticides. Ordinary nets, for all their elegance, do little to prevent malaria unless used under the strictest regime of tucking, folding and mending. Indeed, mosquitoes have often found them convenient perches from which to probe for an exposed hand or foot touching the net. Pyrethroids, which have low mammalian toxicity but are deadly to insects, prevent them from perching and sometimes drive them from the room altogether.
Evaluation of surface versus total permethrin content in permethrin-treated clothing: Implications for protection against mosquitoes
Published in Pathogens and Global Health, 2022
Adam Vang, Avian V. White, Jo Anne G. Balanay, Robin Tutor Marcom, Stephanie L. Richards
Permethrin, a commonly used synthetic pyrethroid and pesticide active ingredient (AI), has been registered with the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) since 1979[1]. Pyrethroids impact the central nervous system of arthropods via ingestion and/or direct contact [2] and are used as insecticides/repellents[3]. Permethrin shows a low cancer risk in humans but is toxic to fish and aquatic invertebrates[1]. Permethrin can be applied on livestock housing/transportation vehicles and clothing worn by people and/or animals[1]. The first use of permethrin on clothing as a repellent was in 1990 by the United States (US) military[1]. In the 2000s, it was approved for consumers to spray on clothing and gear such as backpacks[1]. Factory-treated permethrin-treated clothing (PTC) became available to consumers in 2003[1]. Based on our investigation, permethrin is the only insecticide approved by the EPA for clothing application. Factory-treated PTC (e.g. shirts, jackets, pants, and socks) must be marketed and labeled as such (e.g. insecticide label)[1].
Exposure to pyrethroids induces behavioral impairments, neurofibrillary tangles and tau pathology in Alzheimer’s type neurodegeneration in adult Wistar rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
K. A. Iteire, A. T. Sowole, B. Ogunlade
Exposure to pyrethroids has been observed as an important risk factor for several neurodegenerative diseases such as PD and AD. We investigated the two main biomolecules involved in the pathogenesis of AD upon exposure to this insecticide formulation and the result obtained in this study suggested possible AD features evident with amyloid plaque deposit in the hippocampus of rats treated with pyrethroids in a dose-dependent manner as compared with the controls. Previously, few studies have linked pyrethroids neurotoxicity with AD, dementia and other neurodegenerative diseases (Zaganas et al.2013, Igho and Afoke 2014, Elham et al.2018). Our results have expounded the histological, cognitive as well as molecular mechanism of exposure to pyrethroids in possible occurrence of neurodegenerative diseases. The results obtained further confirmed a dose dependent pattern on the exposure to pyrethroids in previous studies conducted (Stephens et al.1995, Salon et al.2003).
Metabolism of bifenthrin, β-cyfluthrin, λ-cyhalothrin, cyphenothrin and esfenvalerate by rat and human cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase enzymes
Published in Xenobiotica, 2020
Laura Hedges, Susan Brown, A. Kenneth MacLeod, Marjory Moreau, Miyoung Yoon, Moire R. Creek, Thomas G. Osimitz, Brian G. Lake
Pyrethroids are a class of synthetic insecticides that can modulate nerve axon sodium channels in insects, resulting in neurotoxic effects (Gammon et al., 2012; Soderlund, 2012; Soderlund et al., 2002). While synthetic pyrethroids exhibit a low oral toxicity to mammals, they have been shown to produce neurotoxic effects, with toxicity being considered to be due to the parent pyrethroid (Gammon et al., 2012; Soderlund et al., 2002; Mikata et al., 2012). In both rat and human liver, pyrethroids are detoxified by metabolism by cytochrome P450 (CYP) and carboxylesterase (CES) enzymes (Anand et al., 2006; Crow et al., 2007; Godin et al., 2006, 2007; Hedges et al., 2019a,b; Kaneko, 2011; Mikata et al., 2012; Ross et al., 2006; Scollon et al., 2009; Soderlund et al., 2002). While CYP enzymes are localised in the microsomal fraction, CES enzymes are distributed in both the microsomal and cytosolic fractions (Boberg et al., 2017; Crow et al., 2007; Hedges et al., 2019a; Hines et al., 2016; Sato et al., 2012). Pyrethroids can also be metabolised by CES enzymes present in rat plasma/serum (Anand et al., 2006; Crow et al., 2007; Godin et al., 2007).