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Other Reactions from Gloves
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
T. Bullock, A. Sood, J.S. Taylor
Pyrethroid insecticides (cypermethrin and beta-cyfluthrin) from an insect sprayer were reported to have caused chemical leukoderma on the head, trunk, and extremities of a patient who worked for 15 years spraying insecticides.94 Hexamethylenetetramine, a chemical found in adhesives and sealants, was reported to cause chemical leukoderma in a factory worker who mixed adhesives, chemicals, and other raw materials together to produce automobile materials.95 In China, two cases of chemical leukoderma due to dimethyl sulfate, a chemical used in the production of pharmaceuticals, perfumes, and pesticides, were recently described.96
Potential of Fenugreek in Management of Kidney and Lung Disorders
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Amit D. Kandhare, Anwesha A. Mukherjee-Kandhare, Subhash L. Bodhankar
The potential of aqueous extract of germinated fenugreek seeds against cypermethrin-induced renal toxicity is reported (Sushma and Devasena 2010). Fenugreek has been established to possess antioxidant potential; thus, in the present investigation, cypermethrin-intoxicated rats (25 mg/kg in corn oil) were treated with aqueous fenugreek extract (10%) for 60 days. Chronic cypermethrin administration caused renal damage reflected by elevated oxidative stress in renal tissue. The concomitant administration of fenugreek extract caused a marked increase in SOD, catalase, GPx, and GSH activity, whereas it decreased thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) in renal tissue. Reduced level of total phospholipids and increased phospholipases A and C in renal tissue were ameliorated by fenugreek administration. The study concluded that fenugreek plays a vital role in attenuating pesticide-induced toxicity in experimental rats (Sushma and Devasena 2010).
Some Case Histories
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
In 2003, a malaria eradication program was initiated on the archipelago with emphasis on Príncipe. IRS with the pyrethroid alpha-cypermethrin was undertaken, intermittent preventive treatment for pregnant women and treatment with ACTs initiated. Prevalence rates dropped (Figure 16.40) and the island was heading towards eradication by 2009. Of the 5609 residents interviewed in 2009, only 273 were unprotected.
A narrative review of converging evidence addressing developmental toxicity of pyrethroid insecticides
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Benjamin A. Elser, Benjamin Hing, Hanna E. Stevens
A more extensive study of cord blood samples taken from 336 newborns in China measured a range of commonly used pyrethroids and reported a relatively higher rate of pyrethroid detection. The type I pyrethroid cis-permethrin was detectable in 75% of samples (LOD: 2.19 ng/mL) with a median concentration of 6.92 ng/mL (Range: <LOD-470 ng/mL). Other commonly used pyrethroids were detected at lower concentrations, such as the type II pyrethroid cypermethrin, which was detectable in 42.6% of whole cord blood samples (LOD: 3.54 ng/mL, Range: <LOD-390.27 ng/mL) (Silver et al. 2015). Given that maternal blood samples were not collected during this study for comparison to fetal cord blood, it is helpful to compare the levels reported to another assessment of a Chinese population which investigated maternal blood levels of pyrethroids. In this cohort, cypermethrin was detected in 66.7% of maternal blood samples with an average concentration of 151.25 ng/mL. Permethrin was detectable in 17% of blood samples with an average concentration of 94.33 ng/mL. These levels corresponded to average urinary concentrations of 19.25 µg/L trans-DCCA (a metabolite of permethrin, cypermethrin and cyfluthrin) and 8.85 µg/L of the non-specific metabolite from permethrin, cypermethrin, and others, 3-PBA (Simaremare et al. 2019). While direct comparisons between levels reported in the Chinese studies cannot be made, they suggest that the concentrations reported in cord blood may be relatively low compared to those in maternal circulation within this population.
Clinical presentation of type 1 and type 2 pyrethroid poisoning in humans
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Manna Sera Jacob, Ramya Iyyadurai, Arun Jose, Jude Joseph Fleming, Grace Rebekah, Anand Zachariah, Samuel George Hansdak, Reginald Alex, Vignesh Kumar Chandiraseharan, Audrin Lenin, John Victor Peter
Severe toxic manifestations presenting with seizures or respiratory failure were infrequent in our setting; only 2 patients required intubation for low sensorium/respiratory failure and 3 patients had seizures. Severe cypermethrin and deltamethrin poisoning with seizures, respiratory failure and cardiac toxicity have been described [12–14]; however, our study had predominantly mild to moderate toxicity with these compounds. Of note, none of the patients with cypermethrin poisoning in this study manifested seizures. This contrasts a previous study that compared pyrethroid (cypermethrin) poisoning with organophosphorus-pyrethroid (chlorpyrifos-cypermethrin) combinations [15], wherein, of the 32 patients admitted with cypermethrin poisoning, 6% presented with seizures and 5% needed ventilation. However consonant with the current study, there was no mortality among patients with pure cypermethrin poisoning. In the same study [15], the mortality with chlorpyrifos-cypermethrin poisoning was 13%, strengthening the argument to ban the more toxic combinations in favour of safer pesticides such as pyrethroids. The fatal complications noted in another study from Korea were respiratory failure, severe acidosis, hypotension and renal failure and attributed to cypermethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin [16]. The relatively higher severity and mortality in these studies could also be explained by solvents such as hydrocarbons than the pyrethroid compound per se, as implicated in the deltamethrin case report [14].
Monitoring of pesticides residues in soil samples from the southern districts of Jordan in 2016/2017
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Mohammed H. Kailani, Tawfiq M. Al-Antary, Mahmoud A. Alawi
Table 4 shows concentrations, median, and range of the found pesticide residues in Ma’an soil samples. Twenty-four pesticides were detected in the analyzed soil samples. In addition, there were five pesticides present in relatively high residue concentrations (mg/kg) compared with the remained detected ones in the Ma’an soil samples which were cultivated at that time with different vegetables such as broad beans, tomatoes, aubergines (eggplants), cucumber, apples, olives, cauliflowers, apricots, and beans. These detected pesticides were 2,4-dimethylphenyl-N-methylfrmamidone (3.88), oxyluorfen (4.04), fenarimol (2.71), cypermethrin (1.41), and diflubenzuron (1.20). Oxyluorfen is a contact and selective pre- and post-emergent herbicide to control annual broadleaf and grassy weeds in vegetables, cereals, fruits, and on non-crop areas. It has a strong tendency to be adsorbed on soil particles and highly resistant to degradation in the soil environment. Its soil half-life in the field studied was 30–70 days (Meister 1992). Fenarimol is a systemic fungicide used to control powdery mildew and other plant diseases in Jordan and globally (Al-Antary 1996, Jorgensen 2012). Diflubenzuron is a contact insect growth regulator and able to control wide range of insects (Al-Antary 1996). Large particles of diflubenzuron have a half-life of 8–16 weeks in soil (FAO 1981). Cypermethrin is a pyrethroid insecticide able to kill several agricultural and public health insects (Al-Antary 1996). It is easily degraded on soil and plants but can be effective for weeks when applied to indoor surfaces (Ecobichon 1993).