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Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS)
Published in S Paige Hertweck, Maggie L Dwiggins, Clinical Protocols in Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology, 2022
Androgen insensitivity syndrome is an X-linked recessive disorder of sexual development (DSD) caused by a variety of inactivating mutations in the gene encoding for the androgen receptor (AR) in 46,XY individuals. It is classified as complete androgen insensitivity (CAIS) and partial androgen insensitivity (PAIS) based on phenotypic expression related to the level of AR dysfunction.
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Androgens also play a vital role in the normal growth and functioning of cells of the prostate gland in males, through androgen-receptor binding and multiple downstream signaling cascades. However, if the androgen receptor or its downstream targets are up-regulated, this can contribute to carcinogenesis and prostate cancer.
Herbs in Cancer Therapy
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Annum Malik, Shahzadi Sidra Saleem, Kifayat Ullah Shah, Learn-Han Lee, Bey Hing Goh, Tahir Mehmood Khan
Brassinosteroids are effective against many types of cell lines, such as lung carcinoma A-549, osteosarcoma HOS cell lines, and cell lines in prostate and breast cancer (Malíková et al. 2008). In breast cancer, the proteins that are targeted includes human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) and the estrogen receptor (Steigerová et al. 2010). The androgen receptor is the major protein responsible for the development of prostate cancer and is structurally similar to the estrogen receptor. Brassinosteroids bind with these receptors and cause growth inhibition of the cancer cells (Steigerová et al. 2012).
Microneedle mediated transdermal delivery of β-sitosterol loaded nanostructured lipid nanoparticles for androgenic alopecia
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Kousalya Prabahar, Ubaidulla Udhumansha, Nehal Elsherbiny, Mona Qushawy
Testosterone induced alopecia, was counteracted when the formulation contains β-sitosterol and coconut oil was administered topically simultaneously to the rats by inhibiting the synthesis of DHT, which is considered to be the main cause of hair loss. In the hair follicles, usually the androgen exerts its effect either directly or after conversion by the enzyme, 5α-reductase, to dihydrotestosterone, which is a more potent androgen that binds to androgen receptor in hair follicles (Prager et al., 2002). Arruzazabala et al. (2007) found that coconut oil inhibits prostate 5α-reductase activity as it contains high content of lauric and myristic acids (Arruzazabala et al., 2007). Repeated microneedling stimulation enhanced hair growth via activation of the hair growth related genes Wnt/β-catenin and platelet derived growth factor and stem cells (Jeong et al., 2012; Kim et al., 2012). Lee et al. (2014) suggested that the minimal invasion of the skin conferred by the polymeric microneedles could provide channels for delivering the drug with high efficiency in a controlled or sustained release pattern across the skin (Lee et al., 2014). The NLC embedded chitosan microneedles may serve as a reservoir, slowly releasing the β-sitosterol at the insertion site and enhancing drug concentration. The swelling and gradual degradation of the chitosan microneedles is attributed to this extended release.
Descriptive study on burden and communication of fatigue among castration-resistant prostate cancer patients in Japan
Published in Current Medical Research and Opinion, 2022
Taro Iguchi, Yusuke Nakamura, Takeshi Akiyama, Krishant Chand, Eric Yu
Surprisingly, there is not enough information on the evaluation of fatigue in Japanese patients with CRPC, and how this symptom is communicated with HCPs in Japan. As described above, patient populations, including Japanese, may be burdened with a sense of potential fatigue without it being known to others. Although the most burdensome side effects of the novel androgen receptor are fatigue, falls and fractures, the risk of fatigue is higher with apalutamide and enzalutamide (27–30%) than with darolutamide (12%)23. Consequently, understanding fatigue in Japanese patients may lead to more appropriate treatment. A systematic treatment strategy designed for improved fatigue has not yet been established24. Understanding fatigue, which cannot be assessed by standardized PRO scores, may indicate a positive impact for CRPC treatment, including in the Japanese population.
A pas de deux of osteoporosis and sarcopenia: osteosarcopenia
Published in Climacteric, 2022
F. Laskou, H. P. Patel, C. Cooper, E. Dennison
Testosterone replacement in men has demonstrated positive effects in muscle strength, gait and volumetric BMD [94,95]. Hormone replacement therapy in women at the onset of menopause has been shown to preserve muscle strength [96] and prolonged use is associated with high muscle mass [97]. Hormone replacement therapy use also reduces fractures, although the unfavorable risk/benefit balance in older postmenopausal women limits its use to younger postmenopausal women who are at high risk of fracture and also have menopausal symptoms [28]. Side effects and variable anabolic actions seen in studies of selective androgen receptor modulators, classes of androgen receptor ligands that display tissue selective anabolic and androgenic activity, have precluded their widespread use. For example, though andarine and ostarine use were associated with an increase lean mass and physical function in older males and postmenopausal females [98,99], no clear advantage was shown for bone health.