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Adrenocortical carcinoma
Published in Nadia Barghouthi, Jessica Perini, Endocrine Diseases in Pregnancy and the Postpartum Period, 2021
Dushyanthy Arasaratnam, Nadia Barghouthi, Vladimer Bakhutashvili
DHEA-S and testosterone should be measured in every patient suspected of having ACC.1 Androgens commonly rise during pregnancy, although reference ranges have not been elucidated for pregnancy.9 Adrenocortical tumors have been shown to secrete androgens in response to hCG. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and dehydroepiandrosterone have been shown to increase in response to hCG.12
Embryology, Anatomy, and Physiology of the Prostate
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)Product of reduction from testosterone.High affinity to AR and induces higher levels of AR activity.Plasma DHT is 99.12% bound to plasma proteins and synthesised in the skin and liver by 5α reductase type I.
Managing Pain in the Presence of Autoimmune Disease
Published in Sahar Swidan, Matthew Bennett, Advanced Therapeutics in Pain Medicine, 2020
Dosing of topical testosterone for women might need to start at 0.5 mg and go up slowly. Dosing for men topically can start at 10–20 mg. Topical testosterone has to be done daily and on areas that are relatively hairless. Within the hair follicle, testosterone will be converted into dihydrotestosterone excessively. IM testosterone in the lateral quadriceps muscle for men is ideally done one to two times a week. The advantages of IM dosing include once-a-week dosing and no concerns regarding insufficient absorption though the skin, as well as no tendency to transfer testosterone to others though contact as can be seen with topical use. Nowadays, injectables are typically covered by most insurance companies. When using topicals, cream is far superior to patches as far as absorption.
An evaluation of the available pharmacotherapy for the treatment of hirsutism
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2023
Leila Asfour, Ahmed Kazmi, Rodney Sinclair
Hirsutism can result from increased levels of tissue androgens or a low activation threshold for the androgen receptors [16]. Testosterone is the key circulating androgen, which is secreted in equal amounts from the ovaries (promoted by luteinizing hormone (LH) and insulin) and adrenal glands promoted by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) [17]. However, circulating testosterone comes mostly from peripheral conversion of other androgens, especially androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHAS), in the liver and skin. Direct secretion by ovaries and adrenals contributes weakly. Free testosterone is the main bioactive portion of plasma testosterone, but most of the circulating testosterone is bound by sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG) and can modulate the bioavailability of free testosterone [18]. The lower the concentration of serum SHBG, the higher the concentration of free testosterone there will be in the circulation. The more potent dihydrotestosterone is then generated from testosterone by 5‐alpha‐reductase (5α‐reductase) in the hair follicle and stimulates the dermal papilla to produce terminal hairs instead of vellus hairs [18]. Androstenedione and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) are weaker androgens and may also be metabolized in the skin into testosterone and dihydrotestosterone [19].
Microneedle mediated transdermal delivery of β-sitosterol loaded nanostructured lipid nanoparticles for androgenic alopecia
Published in Drug Delivery, 2022
Kousalya Prabahar, Ubaidulla Udhumansha, Nehal Elsherbiny, Mona Qushawy
Alopecia is the partial or total reduction of hair in a specific area of the skin that affects millions of men and women worldwide (Pereira et al., 2018). Alopecia affects 50% and 40% of adult male and female respectively, and the percentage is increasing by nearly 5% every year (Ashique et al., 2020). Androgenetic alopecia has been linked to higher levels of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) in balding scalp follicles than in non-balding ones. Hair loss is caused by an increase in the concentrations of 5α-reductase and androgen receptors. Androgenetic alopecia was first treated with finasteride, a 5-hydroxysteroid reductase inhibitor, which was approved by the FDA to be used in the handling of alopecia. As a result, it can cause impotence and other sexual dysfunctions as well as testicular pain and myalgia (Jain et al., 2015). Therefore, development of alternative safe and effective therapeutic strategies is of great demand. Natural products have been widely used to treat androgenic alopecia (AGA) due to their safety with less or no toxic effects.
Knowledge graphs and their applications in drug discovery
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2021
was repositioned for treatment of androgenetic alopecia [43]. Whilst finasteride serves as a poster child for how side effects can be beneficial, it also serves as a stark reminder that the majority of side effects are maleficial. Systemic inhibition of dihydrotestosterone, for example, has been associated with permanent sexual dysfunction and cognitive impairment [44]. Unlike it’s serendipitous counterpart, network-based DR has the potential to differentiate between beneficial and maleficial phenotypic outcomes; intelligently and systematically identifying new indications for existing drugs. Multiple approaches encompass network-based DR; on-target repurposing, off-target repurposing and target-agnostic repurposing. Each approach predicts a different relation between drug, gene and disease in a KG (see Figure 3).