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Phytomedicines Targeting Antibiotic Resistance through Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Formation Associated with Acne Vulgaris
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Isa A. Lambrechts, Namrita Lall
Sebum production is hypothesized to be the second pathogenic factor in the acne pathogenic pathway. Human sebum comprises several compounds that include cholesteryl esters, cholesterol, fatty acids, triglycerides, squalene, diglycerides and wax esters. Androgens are a group of hormones present in males and females. These hormones can stimulate sebaceous secretion, and it is hypothesized that some acne patients can possess sebocytes that have an increased sensitivity to androgens. Sebum serves as a carbon and nutrient source for acne-causing bacteria such as C. acnes. The bacteria that proliferate in the pilosebaceous unit produce inflammatory and chemotactic mediators. For the bacteria to release these mediators, they attract neutrophils, which drive the inflammatory process (James, Burkhart, and Morrell, 2009; Bhate and Williams, 2013; Pawin et al., 2004).
Systemic Diseases and the Skin
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Jana Kazandjieva, Razvigor Darlenski, Nikolai Tsankov
Overview: Increased androgen levels in women may be due to Cushing’s disease, androgen-producing tumors, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, most commonly caused by 21-hydroxylase deficiency, hyperandrogenic-insulin resistant-acanthosis nigricans syndrome (HAIRAN), hyperprolactinemia due to increasing adrenal dihydroepiandrosterone sulfate production, polycystic ovarian syndrome (Stein-Leventhal syndrome; PCOS), or an ovarian tumor. Idiopathic hirsutism with normal androgen levels and ovarian function may be probably to disorders in peripheral androgen activity, while androgenic drugs such as anabolic steroids may be the cause.
Macronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Estrogens are female hormones of which estradiol is the most potent. They maintain the female reproductive tissues in a fully functional condition, promote the estrous state of preparedness for mating, and stimulate development of the mammary glands and of other feminine characteristics. Progesterone is a hormone secreted by the female reproductive system that functions mainly to regulate the condition of the inner lining (endometrium) of the uterus. Progesterone is produced by the ovaries, placenta, and adrenal glands. In the ovaries the site of progesterone production is the corpus luteum. Progesterone prepares the wall of the uterus to accept a fertilized egg that can be implanted and developed into a fetus. Testosterone is an androgen hormone that primarily influences the growth and development of the male reproductive system. It is produced by the male testes (66, 134–135).
Utilizing clinical, pathological and radiological information to guide postoperative radiotherapy in prostate cancer
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2023
Jerusha Padayachee, Simone Chaudhary, Brian Shim, Jonathan so, Remy Lim, Srinivas Raman
There is ongoing interest to explore means to further optimize the outcomes of salvage radiotherapy through dose escalation, inclusion of pelvic nodal volumes, and use of systemic therapy. In particular, recent publications provide support for use of androgen deprivation treatment. Further clarification is required, though, around the identification of a subgroup of patients who would benefit more from ADT use, as well as the recommended total duration of ADT. The SPPORT trial showed that 6 months ADT was preferred over no ADT. Preliminary results from RADICALS-HD suggest that patients with multiple high risk factors serve better with long course ADT. Trials to date have placed emphasis on clinicopathological features to guide therapy decisions, including T-stage, grade, and pre-SRT PSA. An area that is garnering interest is the use of genomic classifiers. In particular, multiple studies have demonstrated the prognostic utility of the Decipher tool. Its potential application appears to be multifaceted; including aiding in decisions on ADT use, as well the utilization of adjuvant radiotherapy. Prospective randomized clinical trials primarily designed to evaluate the application of GC in the postoperative setting appear to be lacking and is a worthwhile consideration moving forward to more robustly validate its clinical application and to better support individualized treatment strategies.
Inhibitory effect of roburic acid in combination with docetaxel on human prostate cancer cells
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Xiao Wang, Xu Xuetao, Mengshuo Wu, Panpan Wu, Zhaojun Sheng, Wenfeng Liu, Yan-Yan Ma, Den-Gao Zhao, Kun Zhang, Dongli Li, Xi Zheng, Susan Goodin
Prostate cancer is the most prevalent male urogenital malignancy and the second leading cause of cancer death in US men1. Risk factors including advancing age, race, geographical distribution, diet and family history are contributing to the incidence of this disease2,3. For the treatment options of prostate cancer, early stages of the disease can be managed with active surveillance, radical prostatectomy, or radiation therapy. Patients who are not suitable for surgical intervention can be treated with androgen deprivation4. However, prostate cancer cells lose their hormone dependence and therapeutic responsiveness during disease progression5,6. When the disease progresses to the hormone-refractory stage (also referred to as androgen-independent), chemotherapy is the only option left for these patients7,8.
Is chronic pain as an autoimmune disease?
Published in Canadian Journal of Pain, 2022
Although X and Y chromosomes may shape male and female responses to pain, gonadal hormones are equally important in this process. It has been shown that in newborn mice, sex chromosome complement (XX vs XY) together with gonadal sex influences the development of nociception, as well as responses to analgesic drugs.76 Compared to the effects of estrogens, relatively little is known regarding how the neuroimmune system is modulated by androgens. It is now generally accepted that testosterone is immunosuppressive, with clinical evidence supporting that this gonadal hormone may protect against autoimmune disease.77,78 In males, androgen deficiency stemming from hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and Klinefelter’s syndrome (XXY) is associated with an increased risk of autoimmune disease. For example, in patients with Klinefelter’s, a staggering 18-fold increase in the incidence of systemic lupus erythematosus has been reported, with clinical remission occurring in response to androgen therapy.79 Testosterone deficiency also increases autoimmune disease–modeled activity in orchiectomized mice,80,81 and androgen therapy improved male survival in a mouse model of systemic lupus erythematosus.82