China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Endocrine Disease
Published in John S. Axford, Chris A. O'Callaghan, Medicine for Finals and Beyond, 2023
Complete AIS:‘Testicular feminization’ (female phenotype, primary amenorrhoea and absence of secondary sexual hair)Antiműllerian hormone function normal, inguinal testes, absent uterus and Fallopian tubes
Applications of Fenugreek in Sports Nutrition
Published in Dilip Ghosh, Prasad Thakurdesai, Fenugreek, 2022
Colin Wilborn, Aditya Bhaskaran
Because of the legal and ethical repercussions surrounding anabolic steroid use, nutritional supplement companies have designed prohormones or testosterone precursors that are marketed to increase testosterone production similar to that of anabolic steroids. Nutritional supplement companies are continuously attempting the development of natural products with ergogenic potential comparable to anabolic steroids. The latest line of nutritional supplements fitting this persona is aromatase inhibitors (AIs). The AIs are proposed to suppress estrogen levels and subsequently increase parameters such as the endogenous free testosterone levels, free testosterone: estrogen (Test:Est) ratio, fat-free mass and strength. Synthetic AIs are classified as drugs, as they have been utilized as a medicinal preventative and treatment of breast cancer, and the effects of pharmacologic AIs, such as anastrozole and exemestane, on the Test:Est are well substantiated in both young and old men (Hayes 2000; Leder et al. 2004; Mauras et al. 2003; Taxel et al. 2001). Testosterone deficiency in males results in a considerable decrease in protein synthesis, decreased strength, decreased fat oxidation, increased adiposity (Mauras et al. 1998), and are all regarded as negative physiological conditions for any individual.
Hormone Receptors and Endocrine Therapy in Breast Cancer
Published in Sherry X. Yang, Janet E. Dancey, Handbook of Therapeutic Biomarkers in Cancer, 2021
Sherry X. Yang, Nancy E. Davidson
The selection of appropriate endocrine therapy depends on the disease state—early versus recurrent or metastatic, and patient hormonal status—premenopausal versus postmenopausal. In premenopausal women, most estrogen is produced in the ovaries in response to pituitary-derived luteinizing and follicle-stimulating hormones. In postmenopausal women, estrogen is produced mainly in peripheral tissues by aromatase conversion of androstenedione and testosterone produced in the adrenal gland. The inhibition of peripheral conversion of estrogen precursors to estrogen in premenopausal patients may lead to a reduced feedback of estrogen to the hypothalamus and pituitary axis and, consequently, stimulation of ovarian estrogen production [41]. Because of this concern, use of AIs should be avoided in premenopausal women with functional ovaries.
Risk factors for in-hospital mortality among acute ischemic stroke patients in China: a nationwide prospective study
Published in Neurological Research, 2021
Zhi-Xin Huang, Hong-Qiu Gu, Xin Yang, Chun-Juan Wang, Yong‐Jun Wang, Zi‐Xiao Li
To our knowledge, this is the first national prospective multicenter study to explore factors related to IHM in Chinese patients with AIS. The main findings of our study are as follows: (1) Compared with previous studies [7], the IHM of AIS patients has been significantly reduced, and this reduction is mainly attributed to the improvements in hospital-based AIS care. Among them, the mortality of males was slightly increased compared with females (57.3% vs. 42.7%). (2) Upon multivariate analysis, multivariate regression revealed that the presence of GIB, hypertension, atrial fib/flutter, other heart disease, pulmonary embolism, dysphagia, age, in-hospital stroke/TIA recurrence, diabetes, hemoglobin A1C, priorMI, higher NIHSS score on admission, increased in serum BUN, and creatinine were associated with an increased risk of IHM in patients with AIS. On the other hand, stroke rehabilitation and antiplatelet therapies were associated with decrease risk of IHM among AIS patients.
Genetic Analysis Reveals Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome in Female Children Surgically Treated for Inguinal Hernia
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Nurin A. Listyasari, Gorjana Robevska, Ardy Santosa, Aurore Bouty, AZ Juniarto, Jocelyn van den Bergen, Katie L. Ayers, Andrew H. Sinclair, Sultana MH Faradz
Hormone levels such as gonadotrophin and androgens are evaluated when AIS is suspected. Patients with AIS classically show an elevated LH and testosterone serum level representing the hormone-resistant state in AIS. This demonstrates the impaired negative feedback of anterior pituitary hormone secretion [17]. However, patient III.2 in family 1, had an elevated FSH serum concentration. This may occur due to damage to the seminiferous tubules since the testes are located in the inguinal canal, which would result in impaired inhibin B feedback, causing higher levels of FSH [18]. As inguinal hernia is the most common presentation of CAIS in childhood, the diagnosis of CAIS and indeed other 46, XY disorders of sex development should be considered in all female infants with inguinal swelling containing gonads [15].
Aromatase inhibitors for the treatment of endometriosis: a systematic review about efficacy, safety and early clinical development
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2020
Simone Garzon, Antonio Simone Laganà, Fabio Barra, Jvan Casarin, Antonella Cromi, Ricciarda Raffaelli, Stefano Uccella, Massimo Franchi, Fabio Ghezzi, Simone Ferrero
Based on these pieces of evidence, AIs have been proposed as hormone therapy in women affected by endometriosis, being able to suppress estrogen production at the level of ovaries, peripheral tissues, and endometriotic implants. However, more recent studies did not identify aromatase mRNA at the implant level, questioning the specific advantage of targeting the in situ estrogen production [71–73]. Nevertheless, the potential clinical value of AIs persists as a possible alternative or additional option to other hormone therapies. The direct inhibition of estrogen production by blocking the aromatase can provide a higher suppression of estrogen levels than an indirect inhibition through the ovarian function [59,74]. Noteworthy, following the example of AIs, new molecules targeting other enzymes involved in the estrogen biosynthesis, such as steroid sulfatase (STS) and 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase 1 (17β-HSD-1), have been investigated [75].