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Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Their Activities
Published in Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari, Pharmaceuticals and Nutraceuticals from Fish and Fish Wastes, 2022
Ramasamy Santhanam, Santhanam Ramesh, Subramanian Nivedhitha, Subbiah Balasundari
Larvicidal activity: The organ extracts of this species showed larvicidal activity against mosquito larvae. Total activity (100% mortality) was observed at 40% concentration of all the extracts, while skin, liver, and gonads extracts showed highest mortality at 30% too. Skin extract showed exceptional larvicidal activity in all concentrations, producing 100% mortality of all the larvae. At 40% concentration, the muscle extract exhibited 100% mortality of the larvae. Liver and gonads extracts recorded the maximum, that is, 100% mortality at 30% and 40% concentrations, respectively. Interestingly, the less mortality of Culex sp. and Anopheles sp. was found with liver extract and gonads extract, respectively (Indumathi et al., 2016). The values of percentage of mortality of different larvae by various concentrations of the tissue extracts are given in the following table.
The Entomological Aspects of Onchocerciasis Control in the Volta River Basin
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Since the larval stage is the only feasible target for insecticides, and since the duration of larval stage is 5 to 10 days (depending on species and season), larvicide applications have, in principle, to be repeated weekly throughout the year as long as gravid females are present and as long as running water is available to them for oviposition. In this connection, it must be noted that water temperature is never a limiting factor for breeding in West Africa.
Chemical Methods of Vector Control
Published in Jacques Derek Charlwood, The Ecology of Malaria Vectors, 2019
Resistance is more likely to develop in insects that are exposed to the insecticide as larvae either directly by larviciding or indirectly through runoff when the insecticide is used in agriculture. Insecticides used on nets are only encountered by hungry females and then only for a short period of time. Both males and females are equally exposed to larvicides for the duration of their development. Should exposure be through runoff from agricultural use, then exposure may be to a sub-lethal dose, which may nevertheless have a selective effect on the insect.
Protective effects of extracts of lichen Dirinaria consimilis (Stirton) D.D. Awasthi in bifenthrin- and diazinon-induced oxidative stress in rat erythrocytes in vitro
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Vinay Bharadwaj Tatipamula, Biljana Kukavica
Insecticides (including both larvicides and ovicides) are compounds used to kill insects, commonly labeled as carbamates, organophosphates, and organochlorines. For decades, the utilization of insecticides in agriculture, medicine, and public health has affected environmental and human health (Ehlers et al.1993). Moreover, the discovery of new insecticides having more toxicity and fast diffusion into the surrounding environments has required finding their potentially hazardous effects on human health. These hazardous substances have turned into an integral portion of the ecological unit, even though most of them are extremely poisonous not only to humans but also to all living organisms, including mammals (Misra and Pandey 2005, Flint and Van Den Bosch 2012). Previous investigations on the mechanism of action of insecticides proposed that they mostly act by affecting the nervous system and organelle enzyme activities, thereby harming the equilibrium between antioxidants and pro-oxidants in the body and provoking oxidative stress (Singh et al.2001, Mossa et al.2014, Syed et al.2017).
Larval and gut enzyme toxicity of n-hexane extract Epaltes pygmaea DC. against the arthropod vectors and its non-toxicity against aquatic predator
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Kesavan Amala, Raja Ganesan, Sengodan Karthi, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Muthiah Chellappandian, Patcharin Krutmunag, Narayanaswamy Radhakrishnan, Faruq Mohammad, Athirstam Ponsankar, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan
Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus culture was maintained in the Insect Toxicology Laboratory, SPIHER, Avadi, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India, without exposure to pesticides for the last 2 years. The cultures have conserved, and all the experiments were carried out in our laboratory at 27±2°C and 75–85% relative humidity (RH) under a 14:10L/D photoperiod without exposure to any chemical insecticides. Larvae were fed on a diet of Brewer’s yeast, dog biscuits, and algae collected from ponds in a ratio of 3:1:1, respectively. Pupae were transferred from the trays to a cup containing tap water and placed in screened cages (23 × 23×32cm) where adults emerged. Adults were maintained in 30 × 30×30-cm glass cages. Adults were continuously provided with 10% sucrose solution with a cotton wick. On day 5 post-emergence, adults were deprived of sugar for 12h, then provided with a mouse placed in resting cages overnight for female mosquitoes to be blood fed. Adult mosquitoes were maintained under the same environmental conditions as the larvae. The larvicidal assays were conducted by using the first-generation larvae.
A comparative study on larvicidal potential of selected medicinal plants over green synthesized silver nano particles
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2018
Syed Zameer Ahmed Khader, Sidhra Syed Zameer Ahmed, Jagadeeswari Sathyan, Mohamed Rafi Mahboob, Kisore P. Venkatesh, Kishore Ramesh
Larvicidal activity was evaluated against Aedes aegypti and the results revealed that ethyl acetate and petroleum ether extracts of all the terrestrial plants were effective. The Eclipta prostrata extract exhibited higher mortality when ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and hexane were used as solvents. Annona squamosa demonstrated does dependent activity against Aedes larvae. Only petroleum ether and ethyl acetate extracts of Phyllanthus amarus explicated considerable activity. The least activity on Aedes species was seen in Coccinia grandis. Our study is in line with the previous study representing larvicidal activity using medicinal plants [22]. Also it was found that the extracts demonstrated concentration dependent activity, ie. increase in mortality rate with increase in concentration of extract. The results are in coincidence with the previous reports exploring dose dependent activity supported by the presence of phytochemicals which have insecticidal property [22,23] .