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Order Caudovirales
Published in Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier, Virus-Like Particles, 2022
Paul Pumpens, Peter Pushko, Philippe Le Mercier
The phage λ-based display was used for the cell targeting. Thus, the cancer cells were targeted by the display of high-affinity nanobody against HER2 (Shoae-Hassani et al. 2013). The human 293T cell line was targeted by the display of chemically coupled human holotransferrin, and delivery of the GFP-encoding gene was realized (Khalaj-Kondori et al. 2011). The mammalian cell lines were also targeted by display of the following addressing tools: the RGD motif (Dunn 1996); TAT transduction domain of HIV-1 (Eguchi et al. 2001; Wadia et al. 2013); single-chain antibodies (Gupta et al. 2003) and single-chain anti-CEA antibody (Vaccaro et al. 2006); the full-length adenoviral penton base or its central domain of aa 286–393 (Piersanti et al. 2004); ανβ3 integrin-binding peptide (Zanghi et al. 2005) together with delivery of luciferase gene (Lankes et al. 2007); ubiquitinylation and CD-40 binding motifs (Zanghi et al. 2007); FcγRI (Sapinoro et al. 2008). The Cry1Ac toxin was displayed to address the VLPs to the receptor of Bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal toxin (Vílchez et al. 2004).
Hydrobiological Evaluation of Side Effects of Larvicide Treatments Against Simulium Damnosum
Published in Max J. Miller, E. J. Love, Parasitic Diseases: Treatment and Control, 2020
Since the emergence of resistance to temephos has appeared in S. damnosum species in many Ivorian rivers, it has been necessary to use alternative insecticides. The choice, however, has been restricted for many reasons, one restriction being the high toxicity of most of the candidate insecticides. The use of Bacillus thuringiensis, serovar H14 was certainly the most appropriate choice except during the high water season, when, for technical reasons, biological insecticides cannot be applied. During that season, Chlorphoxim, another organophosphate larvicide, is used in place of B.t. H14.
Materialism and reductionism in science and medicine
Published in R. Paul Thompson, Ross E.G. Upshur, Philosophy of Medicine, 2017
R. Paul Thompson, Ross E.G. Upshur
Consider larvae of the boll weevil and the corn borer. These are pests that can ruin a cotton crop or a corn crop. Since the 1950s, farmers have used a variety of pesticides. One that has the lowest environmental impact is a toxin produced by Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt). It is a bacterium that occurs naturally. Farmers – including organic farmers – have been spraying crops with either the bacterium or the toxin it produces for more than 60 years. For almost 20 years, a biotechnological solution has been developed. The segment of DNA that codes for the toxin produced by Bt has been inserted into the chromosomal DNA of cotton, corn and a number of other plants. Hence, each cell of the plant produces the toxin. As a result, the current exposure level of larvae pests to the toxin is exceptionally high. The concern, from the first regulatory approval of the genetically modified crops, has been the development of resistance to the toxin.
Effect of bacterial toxin identified from the Bacillus subtilis against the Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Guenée (Lepidoptera: Crambidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian, Sengodan Karthi, Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan, Haridoss Sivanesh, Narayanan Shyam Sundar, Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja, Govindaraju Ramkumar, Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini, Prabhakaran Vasantha-Srinivasan, Khaloud Mohammed Alarjani, Mohamed S Elshikh, Ahmed Abdel-Megeed, Patcharin Krutmuang
As a biocontrol agent, Bacillus thuringiensis (Sanahuja et al. 2011) is another Bacillus species that is widely used for controlling insects, such as chewing insects in the Coleoptera, Lepidoptera, and Diptera orders. It has remained hard to identify a biocontrol agent that kills sucking insects in plant-feeding hemipterans, such as aphids. In order to contribute to environment-friendly programs in agricultural pest management, it is essential to increase the number of microorganisms capable of acting as biocontrol agents, against rice leaffolders. Bacillus species have been highly sought after as biopesticides for controlling agricultural pests since they offer an attractive alternative to chemical pesticides in the last two decades (Radhakrishnan et al. 2017).
Nanoparticle-loaded microcapsules providing effective UV protection for Cry1Ac
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2021
Yongjing Zhang, Aijing Zhang, Mengyuan Li, Kanglai He, Shuyuan Guo
The Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) is an insect pathogen (Bravo et al. 2011, Vachon et al. 2012). Its principal characteristic is the synthesis, during sporulation, of a crystal-like parasporal inclusion containing proteins called Cry or Cyt toxins (Aronson 2002, Vilas-Bôas et al. 2007, Sanchis and Bourguet 2008). Based on certain structural features, Cry toxins belong to α-Pore-forming toxins (PFT) which have α-helical conformation relating to membrane insertion and pore formation, and Cyt toxins are included in β-PFTs which tend to be rich in β-sheet inserting into membranes to form a β-barrel (Parker and Feil 2005). These toxins undergo the same toxic steps of solubilisation, proteolytic activation, receptor-binding, and membrane insertion to form pores of 10–20 Å diameter (Parker and Feil 2005). Finally, the target insect died because of the destruction of the osmotic pressure of midgut cells (Soberon et al. 2009). These inclusions are well-known for their insecticidal properties (De Maagd et al. 2001, Soberón et al. 2007) and are widely used for insect control, which makes Bt the most successful microbial pesticide (Becker 2000, Van Frankenhuyzen 2000, Sanchis and Bourguet 2008, Bravo et al. 2011, Sanahuja et al. 2011). However, environmental conditions, such as temperature and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation will reduce the insecticidal power and are constraints in the use of Bt products (Navon 2000, Rao et al. 2018).
Assessment of combining biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Bacillus thuringiensis and gamma irradiation for controlling Pectinophora gossypiella (saunders) (lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Ahlam Gabarty, Afaf Abas, Hedaya M. Salem, Sawsan M. El-Sonbaty, Doaa S. Farghaly, Heba A. Awad
Our histological and ultrastructure investigations have confirmed that the effects of gamma irradiation or LC50 of Bt-AgNPs have an inhibitory effect at cellular levels and leads to obstruction in the development of the F1 progeny and finally to their death. Radiation disturbs the function of tissues and organs and produces anomalies (Wong et al. 2003; Moskalev 2007). These anomalies may interrupt the developmental pathways (Møller 2002; Natarajan 2006). It also has an opposed effect on the development and health of the offspring (Beasley et al. 2012). Ingestion of Bacillus thuringiensis vegetative insecticidal protein (Vip3A) by susceptible insects such as the black cutworm (Agrotis ipsilon) and fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) causes gut paralysis at low concentrations and complete lyses of gut epithelium cells resulting in larval death at higher concentrations (Yu et al. 1997). It is also worth to mention that this is the first study that reported the inhibitory effect of combination of gamma irradiation and Bt-AgNPs on the midgut structure, reproductive potential and development of the F1 progeny of P. gossypiella.