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Understanding the Metabolomics of Medicinal Plants under Environmental Pollution
Published in Azamal Husen, Environmental Pollution and Medicinal Plants, 2022
Prachi Sao, Rahat Parveen, Aryan Khattri, Shubhra Sharma, Neha Tiwari, Sachidanand Singh
Genetic engineering can also be called genetic alteration and can be described as changes made by humans in the genetic structure or arrangement of some species. These methods are widely used by scientists to enhance the essential characteristics of spices such as disease tolerance, adverse environmental contamination, and increased yield (Rausher, 2001). Using genetically modified plants for phytoremediation improves the efficacy of the technology. Extensive research on the metabolomics of phytoremediation plants, at the molecular and pathways level, researchers were able to selectively modify genes of the plant to enhance phytoremediation properties.
Finding a Target
Published in Nathan Keighley, Miraculous Medicines and the Chemistry of Drug Design, 2020
Described so far, drugs can be designed to interact with enzymes and protein receptors to control specific biochemical processes and have a medicinally useful effect. The habitual operations of the cell are controlled ultimately by the genetic code inscribed on the cell’s DNA, which resides within the nucleus. Drugs can be designed to target DNA, which has huge potential for medicinal therapies. Some of the most notable drugs that target DNA are used in cancer treatment. There are different ways that these drugs act on the DNA molecule and are classified accordingly, including intercalating agents, alkylating agents, and chain cutters. In therapies for genetic illnesses, which arise from abnormalities in the patient’s DNA, molecular biology and genetic engineering has produced rapid advances in the understanding of genetic diseases, such as haemophilia, cystic fibrosis, and many others. Many examples of drugs designed to target enzymes are involved in the battle against pathogens: microorganisms that cause infectious diseases. This has, in the past, proved a successful strategy to combat infectious diseases.
Human Gene Therapy: The Initial Concepts
Published in Kenneth L. Brigham, Gene Therapy for Diseases of the Lung, 2020
However, not everyone was enthusiastic about the technical capability of carrying out genetic engineering of human beings. Sir MacFarlane Burnet was so upset by all the discussions that he wrote a whole book in opposition to the idea. It was published in 1971 and entitled Genes Dreams and Realities (28). The opening sentence of the book reads: The stimulus to write this book came from a suggestion that too much sensational material was being written about the future significance for medicine of discoveries in molecular biology....Are we going to see ‘genetic engineering’ applied to the cure of genetic disease...?
An overview: CRISPR/Cas-based gene editing for viral vaccine development
Published in Expert Review of Vaccines, 2022
Santosh Bhujbal, Rushikesh Bhujbal, Prabhanjan Giram
One of the most widely reported limitations of the CRISPR/Cas system is the off-target effects. In the interaction of sgRNA and target DNA, the RNA-guided nucleases employed in CRISPR methods were found to interact with numerous mismatch patterns [168]. These off-target effects possess the ability to cause genetic mutations or chromosomal rearrangements that aren’t intended. Many parameters impacting off-target CRISPR\Cas9 editing have been uncovered in a number of recent investigations to reduce off-target mutations. The primary parameters impacting off-target effects include sequence complementarity, PAM recognizing selectivity, target gene similarities, and Cas9 expression rate. Other factors, including the fidelity of gRNA attachment and the availability of the target, may also impact the chance of off-target altering [169,170]. As a result, a variety of tactics were used to figure out how to improve specificity and decrease off-target effects [171,172]. When it gets to viral genetic engineering, even so, off-target effects are less likely. Numerous viral editing findings show no potential off-target effects because the genome of viruses is much lesser than the genome of the host. This is worth noting, even so, that multiple genes may be cleaved as well as repaired in genomic sequences with overlapping genes [173].
Application of physiologically based pharmacokinetic models for therapeutic proteins and other novel modalities
Published in Xenobiotica, 2022
Rachel H. Rose, Armin Sepp, Felix Stader, Katherine L. Gill, Cong Liu, Iain Gardner
Ex vivo gene therapy involves the genetic engineering of cells outside the body followed by their subsequent transplantation back into a patient. The most successful application of this approach to date is CAR-T therapy, in which a patients T cells are modified to express a chimeric antigen (CAR). The CAR consists of a tumour-specific antigen binding domain, transmembrane domain and one or more intracellular signalling domains. Kinetics of CAR-T therapy is characterised by a rapid distribution phase due to tissue uptake and binding, followed by exponential cell growth stimulated by target engagement, contraction related to death of effector cells and long term persistence resulting from differentiation to memory T cells (Raje et al. 2019; Stein et al. 2019). Distribution of T cells from blood is a multi-step process of reversible attachment to the endothelium, cell rolling, cell adhesion and transmigration, which is controlled by the expression of specific selectins, integrins and cytokines (Springer 1994).
Application in Gene Editing in Ovarian Cancer Therapy
Published in Cancer Investigation, 2022
Shuang Luo, Yujiao Wang, Yongyu Tao, Shuo Li, Zirui Wang, Wei He, Hangxing Wang, Nan Wang, Jianwei Xu, Hailiang Song
Gene editing, also known as genome editing or genome engineering, is a new and accurate genetic engineering technology that can be used to modify specific target genes. The technique relies on genetically engineered nucleases (also known as “molecular scissors”) that cut double-stranded DNA at specific loci in the genome and induce the repair of these breaks through non-homologous terminal connections or homologous recombination, finally leading to targeted mutations. Based on this characteristic, nucleases can efficiently carry out site-directed gene editing. At present, the technique is used in a variety of clinical fields, such as gender identification, and is also a promising strategy for OC therapy. Its ability to specifically knockout genes, promote or silence gene expression, can be used to alter the high expression of oncogenes and the low expression of tumor suppressor genes in OC, so it can be used as a new therapeutic approach. Although the status of gene editing has been greatly improved, gene editing still faces great challenges in ovarian cancer: first, how to accurately locate ovarian cancer-related genes; second, how to ensure the efficacy and safety of patients after gene therapy, and last but not least, how to promote the use of gene therapy for ovarian cancer in clinical practice. This review summarizes the application of gene editing in the treatment of OC and the underlying mechanisms, in order to stimulate its use in the clinic and improve the survival rate and quality of life of OC patients.