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The Follow-Up Metabolic Medicine Hospital Consultation
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
The blood urea nitrogen (BUN) is expected to increase when nutritional support is provided. Urea is an end product of protein catabolism. The main purpose of administering amino acids is to support protein synthesis. However, a portion of the protein provided will be burned as fuel, either directly or through gluconeogenesis. Even in a non-catabolic individual, roughly 30% of the protein provided meets this fate. The ratio is higher the more catabolic a patient becomes.
The patient with acute renal problems
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
Specific gravity is the estimated level of solutes in the urine and the normal range is between 1.016 and 1.022; the greater the solute concentration in relation to water, the greater the specific gravity. To illustrate this, during dehydration, the reading might be high, for example 1.030, owing to reduced levels of water in the blood in comparison to solutes. Urea constitutes the bulk of the solute in urine and this, together with other substances produced by protein catabolism, such as uric acid, urea and creatinine, form the nitrogenous waste products. There are also a number of electrolytes present, such as sodium, potassium, ammonium, chloride, bicarbonate, phosphate and sulphate. In health, the amounts of these substances will vary slightly with diet. Hormones can also sometimes be found in urine (if levels of these substances are high in the blood) and Toxins, such as bacteria, may also be present in the event of ill health (Tortora et al. 2017).
Bamboo Shoots as Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals
Published in Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht, Bamboo Shoot, 2020
Nirmala Chongtham, Madho Singh Bisht
Kidney functions in all the experimental groups were monitored by analyzing the levels of serum creatinine, blood urea and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) which are commonly measured to determine kidney health. Creatinine is a breakdown product of creatine phosphate in muscles and is usually produced at a fairly constant rate by the body. It passes into the bloodstream and is usually passed out in the urine. Urea is also a waste product formed from the breakdown of proteins and passed out in the urine. BUN tests measure the amount of nitrogen in the blood. Urea nitrogen is a breakdown product of protein. Generally, a high blood level of creatinine, urea and BUN indicate that the kidneys may not be working properly. In a study carried out by Bajwa et al (2017), the nonsignificant increase was observed in the level of serum creatinine, blood urea and blood urea nitrogen as compared to the control group (Table 8.11). This might be due to the presence of high-protein content in juvenile bamboo shoots. It has been reported that a high-protein diet is associated with increased glomerular filtration rate (GFR), serum creatinine, urea, urinary calcium excretion and serum concentrations of uric acid.
Ingestion of Sudan IV-adulterated palm oil impairs hepato-renal functions and induces the overexpression of pro-inflammatory cytokines: A sub-acute murine model
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Ofem E. Eteng, Ceaser A. Moses, Emmanuel I. Ugwor, Joe E. Enobong, Adio J. Akamo, Yewande Adebekun, Arikpo Iwara, Eyong Ubana
Uric acid, BUN, and creatinine are clinically important biomarkers of kidney function. Uric acid is the byproduct of purine metabolism, while creatinine is produced by muscle (from creatine phosphate] and during protein catabolism. BUN is a measure of the amount of urea nitrogen present in the blood. Urea is a waste product of protein and amino acid, filtered by the kidneys into the urine. These markers are efficiently eliminated unchanged by the kidney, making them an important serum biomarker for kidney function [28]. Increased levels of these markers (as is the case in S4D-exposed rats) may result from decreased blood volume (hypovolemia) or decreased filtration rate by the kidneys [29]. Thus, the accumulation of these markers further affirms the impairment of renal function by S4D.
Integration of network pharmacology and intestinal flora to investigate the mechanism of action of Chinese herbal Cichorium intybus formula in attenuating adenine and ethambutol hydrochloride-induced hyperuricemic nephropathy in rats
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Na Li, Mukaram Amatjan, Pengke He, Boheng Zhang, Xianyan Mai, Qianle Jiang, Haochen Xie, Xiaoni Shao
The body weight changes and food intake of the rats during the experiment were shown in Figure 1B–C. After 3 weeks of consecutive modelling, the results of the blood biochemical index showed that the concentration of serum UA, UREA and CREA in the HNG were higher than that in the CG, marking the successful construction of the HN model. The serum UA concentration in the CG was 2.25 μMol/L, whereas it increased to 2.40 μMol/L in the HNG group. After allopurinol treatment, there was a significant decrease in UA concentration in the AG to 0.52 μMol/L (p < 0.05). Also, the serum UA levels of rats in FHG and FLG showed a decrease compared with the HNG, which was consistent with the impact of allopurinol intervention (Figure 1D). As shown in Figure 1E, The UREA level increased from 6.75 mMol/L in CG to 15.87 mMol/L in HNG (p < 0.001). Under pathophysiological conditions, drastic UREA level increases provide key information on renal function and the diagnosis of various kidney disorders (Pundir et al. 2019). After intervention with CF, the concentration of UREA declined to 11.05 mMol/L in FHG (p < 0.05). Likewise, the serum CREA level in the CG was 38.5 μmol/L, whereas, in HN rats, it increased to 64.83 μmol/L, which suggests the presence of kidney dysfunction induced by HUA. CREA levels in the AG, FHG and FLG groups were notably lower than those in the HN group after administration of the corresponding drugs (Figure 1F).
Manganese mitigates against hepatorenal oxidative stress, inflammation and caspase-3 activation in rats exposed to hexachlorobenzene
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Abiola S. Tijani, Olori O. David, Ebenezer O. Farombi
Serum creatinine, cystatin-c, urea, uric acid and electrolytes are often used as indices for evaluating kidney function to ascertain kidney injury (Mahgoub et al. 2017, Zhang et al. 2018). Creatinine, urea and uric acid are normal metabolic waste products excreted by the kidneys. Cystatin-c with blood urea and creatinine is used to assess renal function and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) (Al-Kuraishy et al. 2019). Acute nephrotoxicity has been linked to electrolyte disturbances and dehydration. Considerable serum elevation of Na+, K+, HCO3−, and Cl− levels is of toxicological implication and may denote a consequence on the ion-dependent processes. Thus, the significant increases in these kidney function indices in rats administered with HCB alone suggest kidney’s excretory dysfunction, reduction of GFR and glomerular filtration (Health Council of the Netherlands 2011, Odden et al. 2014, Zhang et al. 2018). The reduced levels of these kidney function indices in HCB and Mn co-treated rats revealed the ameliorating effect of Mn on HCB-induced renal toxicity.