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Nutrition and Metabolic Factors
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
As mentioned above, stored protein is remodeled by a continuous process of anabolism and catabolism. For example, daily remodeling amounts to about 3–4% of whole-body protein in adults (52) and potentially there could be a greater percentage among athletes during intense training. However, compared to carbohydrate or fat turnover, the breakdown and replacement of protein is less efficient, accounting for 10–25% of the RMR (52, 168). A common method of measuring protein turnover includes the examination of nitrogen balance, which provides an estimate of nitrogen intake versus loss and a reasonable estimate of protein balance. Simply, a negative nitrogen balance occurs when nitrogen loss is larger than intake (state of catabolism) and a positive nitrogen balance occurs when intake is greater than loss (state of anabolism). The formula for nitrogen balance is as follows:
A Brief History of Nutritional Medicine and the Emergence of Nutrition as a Medical Subspecialty
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
The concept of a nitrogen cycle was emerging. It envisioned that nitrogen was extracted from the air by specific plants which were later eaten by animals who excreted nitrogen back into the soil to be used by other plants as a fertilizer.
Nutrition Screening and ADIME
Published in Praveen S. Goday, Cassandra L. S. Walia, Pediatric Nutrition for Dietitians, 2022
Jennifer L. Smith, Teresa A. Capello
Nitrogen balance is calculated as nitrogen intake minus nitrogen loss from the body. Nitrogen balance is useful when evaluating protein metabolism, as nitrogen is a crucial part of protein building blocks or amino acids. Negative nitrogen balance is defined as more loss than intake, which is then used as a marker for nutrition risk. Nitrogen balance is evaluated by calculating the concentration of urea in the urine. This requires a 24-hour urine collection which can be burdensome.
The estimation of protein equivalents of total nitrogen in Chinese CAPD patients: an explanatory study
Published in Renal Failure, 2022
Chunyan Su, Tao Wang, Peiyu Wang, Xinhong Lu, Wen Tang
First, the influence of DPI. Phansalkar et al. found that normal adults who had a high DPI had an increased proportion of UNA. When the DPI was 100 g/day, 75 g/day, and 44 g/day, the proportions of UNA were 88%, 82%, and 67%, respectively [19]. Blumenkrantz et al. reported that the UNA percentage was 68.1% when the DPI was 1.4 g/kg/day but only 54.6% when the DPI was 1.0 g/kg/day in NB studies of their CAPD population [10]. The present study also found that DPI (g/day) was positively correlated with UNA/TNA (r = 0.356, p = 0.049). This is mainly because urea nitrogen is the final product of dietary protein metabolism. When dietary protein content is high, more urea nitrogen is produced. On the other hand, NUNs have little relationship with DPI, so the proportion of UNA will increase. In this study, the average nDPI was only 0.78 g/kg/day (45.36 g/day), and UNA/TNA should be lower than that in Bergstrom and Blumenkrantz’s studies. However, the average UNA/TNA ratio in this study (63.22 ± 6.66%) was higher than that of patients with DPI at 1.0 g/kg/day and 1.3 g/kg/day in the aforementioned studies and only lower than that of patients with DPI at 1.4 g/kg/day [9,10]. Therefore, although DPI is positively correlated with UNA/TNA, this factor is not the reason why UNA/TNA is higher in this study than in other NB studies.
Insights in nodule-inhabiting plant growth promoting bacteria and their ability to stimulate Vicia faba growth
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Amr M. Mowafy, Mona S. Agha, Samia A. Haroun, Mohamed A. Abbas, Mohamed Elbalkini
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, which is positioned as a major part of biological nitrogen fixation, is an important alternative source of chemical nitrogen fertilizers not only for leguminous but also for non-leguminous plants. The interaction between legumes and rhizobia leads to root nodule organogenesis, an organ that is produced in response to bacterial nod factors and plant developmental signals leading to the formation of a plant stem cell niche [1]. Recently, rhizobia have been shown to improve the nutrition of non-leguminous crops, such as barley, wheat and canola [2]. It has been established that the legume nodule is exclusively inhabited by the rhizobium. Meanwhile, in 2001, this concept has changed dramatically when non-rhizobial strains were regarded for their ability to nodulate legumes, such as Methylobacterium and Burkholderia that have been isolated from Crotalaria [3] and Mimosa [4], respectively. In addition to nodule-inducing bacteria, several bacterial strains have been isolated from nodules as co-inhabitants with rhizobium, such as Klebsiella, Pseudomonas [5], Bacillus [6] and Streptomyces [7]. Interestingly, a review titled ‘the nodule microbiome: N2-fixing rhizobia do not live alone’ has been published in 2017 to conclude that some of these non-rhizobial bacteria might be nitrogen fixer or participate in nodule genesis and the others, more striking, might neither participate in nodulation nor fix nitrogen [8].
Graphene oxide influence in soil bacteria is dose dependent and changes at osmotic stress: growth variation, oxidative damage, antioxidant response, and plant growth promotion traits of a Rhizobium strain
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Tiago Lopes, Paulo Cardoso, Diana Matos, Ricardo Rocha, Adília Pires, Paula Marques, Etelvina Figueira
Soil microorganisms, although constituting less than 0.5% (w/w) of soil mass, are an essential part of soil ecosystems, for playing important ecological roles that influence soil properties (Yan et al. 2015; Jansson and Hofmockel 2020). Oxidation, nitrification, ammonification, nitrogen fixation, and organic matter mineralization are processes driven by soil microorganisms that make nutrients available for plant uptake (Yan et al. 2015). Some climatic events can interfere with these processes, shifting microbial communities and affecting soil properties and soil nutrient cycles (Jansson and Hofmockel 2020). With the increase of extreme weather events, already taking place in Europe and predicted to increase along the twenty-first century (IPCC 2021), such as the prevalence of long and severe drought events, mainly in spring and summer), effects on microbial communities and the services they provide can be difficult to predict, especially in the Mediterranean region considered as a hotspot (IPCC 2021).