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Nanomedicine Against COVID-19
Published in Hanadi Talal Ahmedah, Muhammad Riaz, Sagheer Ahmed, Marius Alexandru Moga, The Covid-19 Pandemic, 2023
Saima Zulfiqar, Zunaira Naeem, Shahzad Sharif, Ayoub Rashid Ch., M. Zia-Ul-Haq, Marius Moga
The capacity of a virus to cause infection is lowered when spike protein is damaged on exposure to UV light coupled photocatalyst. Second-generation photocatalysts with other metal atoms have been developed by researchers to overcome the problem that low catalytic process of titanium oxide in sunlight as well as high combining ability of electron and hole in the valence band of titanium oxide. These new catalysts, such as S-doped and N-doped TiO2 inactivate the infectious microbes under visible light and even interior lighting. These have not been used against viruses still now. Furthermore, more hydroxyl radicals are produced when silver nanoparticles are accumulated on the facets of titanium oxide nanoparticles; as a result, these inactivate bacteriophage MS2 efficiently [81]. To get water free from bacteriophage MS2, Ag-, and Cu-doped TiO2 nanowires exhibited efficiency in dark as well as UV light.
Photocatalytic Inactivation of Pathogenic Viruses Using Metal Oxide and Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
Published in Devarajan Thangadurai, Saher Islam, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji, Viral and Antiviral Nanomaterials, 2022
Lan Ching Sim, Wei Qing Wee, Shien Yoong Siow, Kah Hon Leong, Jit Jang Ng, Pichiah Saravanan
The use of a photocatalyst is environmental-friendly and sustainable because of the employment of renewable energy as the energy source of the photocatalytic viral inactivation. This chapter provides a review on the development of photocatalytic inactivation of viruses using metal oxide NPs and carbon-based NPs. Despite recent advances, some potential research is yet to be explored to overcome new challenges provoked by viral pandemic cases. Future work should explore the coating of photocatalysts on face masks or other surfaces to control the viral spread of Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via fomite and aerosol. Further, molecular imprinting could be used to selectively adsorb viruses and concentrate them near photocatalytic sites for inactivation. It has been proven to be effective in waterborne viral inactivation. There is lack of investigation on the viral inactivation mechanism using a combination of quantitative analytical tools since the foremost discovery by Wigginton et al. (2012). This approach helps to identify and quantify the extent of modifications in the virus genome or proteins by measuring the damage at well-defined levels of inactivation (Wigginton et al. 2012). Most of the viral inactivation methods are reported by using UVC light at 254 nm, which is harmful to skin and eyes. Hence, it is suggested to use far-UVC light (207–222 nm) or visible light (390–750 nm) to reduce the negative effects of UVC light. And for that, it will be necessary to develop a photocatalyst material that could harvest more visible light.
Green-Synthesized Nanoparticles as Potential Sensors for Health Hazardous Compounds
Published in Richard L. K. Glover, Daniel Nyanganyura, Rofhiwa Bridget Mulaudzi, Maluta Steven Mufamadi, Green Synthesis in Nanomedicine and Human Health, 2021
Rachel Fanelwa Ajayi, Sphamandla Nqunqa, Yonela Mgwili, Siphokazi Tshoko, Nokwanda Ngema, Germana Lyimo, Tessia Rakgotho, Ndzumbululo Ndou, Razia Adam
Photocatalysis synthesis methods play a significant role in green processes since it provides an alternative to classical chemistry. It offers suitable tools for industrial reactions using cells and enzymes, which can be carried out under mild conditions, with a great control over chemo-, regio- and stereoselectivity by using appropriate enzymes and with the use of heavy metals (Hernaiz et al., 2010). Additionally, in fine chemistry, the activation by photocatalysis under visible light could be another method. This innovative approach is very attractive due to circumvents of the use of heavy metals. In this method, light can be considered as an ideal reagent which is environmentally friendly in green chemical synthesis. These days, the advancement of photo-redox catalysis originated from visible light is of real significance. The reaction of this method is usually carried out by photo-redox catalysts and organometallic complexes containing iridium and ruthenium (Grewal et al., 2013).
Influence of various operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of ciprofloxacin in aqueous media: a short review
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2023
Saifullahi Shehu Imam, Rohana Adnan, Noor Haida Mohd Kaus, Najm Us Saqib
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are effective strategies for removing organic pollutants from wastewater, including antibiotics such as CIP. Among the AOPs, photocatalysis is a process that can be carried out using mild-reaction conditions to mineralize organic pollutants that are difficult to degrade without causing secondary pollution (Li et al.2020). Various materials have been prepared and successfully tested as photocatalysts for CIP degradation. Previously, a short review on the photocatalytic degradation of CIP in aqueous media using TiO2-based photocatalysts, ZnO-based photocatalysts, bismuth-based photocatalysts, silver-based photocatalysts, and others have been reported (Shehu Imam et al.2018). It is equally important to understand the role of various operational parameters which are crucial to ensuring efficient and effective degradation process. For this purpose, our present study aims to review and summarize the roles of critical operational parameters on the photocatalytic degradation of CIP in aqueous media.
Cerium oxide thin films: synthesis, characterization, photocatalytic activity and influence on microbial growth
Published in Biofouling, 2022
Luminita Andronic, Damir Mamedov, Cristina Cazan, Marcela Popa, Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc, Atabek Allaniyazov, Simona Palencsar, Smagul Zh. Karazhanov
Photocatalysis is an emerging technology for wastewater treatment that can function under the influence of sunlight in the presence of catalyst material. The free electrons and holes that generated in the catalyst under the influence of sunlight, UV lamps, xenon lamps, etc., migrate to form oxidising species such as hydroxyl (⋅OH) or superoxide (O2-) radicals that exhibit strong oxidation of pollutants leading to their degradation (Rueda-Marquez et al. 2020). Semiconductors are materials that possess both light-absorbing and catalytic properties. Although many narrow bandgap materials such as Si, CdS, CdSe possess advanced sunlight absorbing properties, they are electrochemically unstable. On the other hand, wide-bandgap metal oxides such as TiO2, ZnO, WO3, V2O5, etc., are stable, low cost, abundant, and non-toxic, but they absorb only UV light.
NanoMixHamster: a web-based tool for predicting cytotoxicity of TiO2-based multicomponent nanomaterials toward Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2022
Filip Stoliński, Anna Rybińska-Fryca, Maciej Gromelski, Alicja Mikolajczyk, Tomasz Puzyn
Case studies performed with covered web application – NanoMixHamster - allowed presenting the new tool and its capabilities. The developed application enables the prediction of nanoparticles’ toxicity toward the CHO-K1 cell line using the structure-activity prediction networks approach (Rybińska-Fryca, Mikolajczyk, and Puzyn 2020). The main functionalities are described by presenting three possible scenarios that may apply to a potential end user. The tested hybrid material can belong the applicability domain of the model or be outside of it. Additionally, NanoMixHamster tool can be used during the process of designing new materials by predicting its toxicity before synthesis. Therefore, materials with appropriate properties, i.e. photocatalytic activity that could potentially cause adverse effects, will be eliminated at the preliminary stage of research. In each case end-user will be guided by clear, user-friendly interface. The developed tool can be used even by users without prior knowledge of advanced chemoinformatic techniques. The NanoMixHamster application presented in this study is freely available at https://nanomixhamster.cloud.nanosolveit.eu/.