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The Ingestion Pathway
Published in Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari, Advances in Nanopathology From Vaccines to Food, 2021
Antonietta Morena Gatti, Stefano Montanari
Titanium dioxide is probably the material most nanoparticles added to food are made of, and it is hard to tell how much of it we ingest daily. Those particles are not soluble in water and have three natural forms: rutile, anatase and brookite. Rutile and anatase particles are used to produce pigment-grade material for the colouring of some foods and may be coated with various materials (aluminium, silicon or polymers) to enhance their technological properties. Those coatings are made because they modify the reactions between the surface of the titanium dioxide particles and the matrix where they are mixed, resulting in lower aggregation and a better dispersion possibility (Fig. 5.13).
Screening Smokes: Applications, Toxicology, Clinical Considerations, and Medical Management *
Published in Brian J. Lukey, James A. Romano, Salem Harry, Chemical Warfare Agents, 2019
Lawrence A. Bickford, Harry Salem
Chemistry and generation. Titanium dioxide is an obscurant used in bursting grenades to provide a temporary visible obscurant screen. Its primary use is as a low-toxicity alternative obscurant for training and as an instant screening hand smoke grenade. Titanium dioxide is a white pigment used in the paint industry and is very efficient at scattering visible light. The rutile form of titania has an optimum diameter of 0.25 µm for maximum extinction (Embury et al., 1994). In practice, aerosol dissemination of titania is over 1 µm using sonic nozzle dissemination (Delacy et al., 2011).
Sunscreens
Published in Heather A.E. Benson, Michael S. Roberts, Vânia Rodrigues Leite-Silva, Kenneth A. Walters, Cosmetic Formulation, 2019
Titanium dioxide is usually produced with a coating that provides two benefits: Helps prevent agglomeration.Prevents the raw titanium dioxide from generating free radicals when exposed to UV light.
Issues currently complicating the risk assessment of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) nanoparticles after oral exposure
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2021
Walter Brand, Petra C. E. van Kesteren, Ruud J. B. Peters, Agnes G. Oomen
For titanium dioxide (TiO2) we recently postulated that high dose levels could negatively affect the uptake and subsequent effects (Brand et al. 2020). We also postulated administration via the diet could negatively affect the uptake of TiO2, in contrast to the impression given by SAS in the present study. Still, matrix-effects could exist for silica, for example due to gel formation at higher concentrations, and have been suggested earlier (van der Zande et al. 2014). We are not aware of studies systematically comparing different administration dosing regimens for SAS. A recent study by Rodríguez-Escamilla et al. (2019) reported toxicological effects on testis in mice after 10week exposure to TiO2, comparing oral gavage of a suspension in water (5mg/kg bw/d) with much higher exposures levels through feed pellets (equivalent to 102, 682 or 1379mg/kg bw/d). The study found effects through oral gavage similar to up to a 260 times higher dose through pelleted feed, illustrating the importance of the dosing regimen (Rodríguez-Escamilla et al. 2019). Unfortunately, the study did not take biokinetics of tissue distribution into account.
Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on nutrient absorption and metabolism in rats: distinguishing the susceptibility of amino acids, metal elements, and glucose
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Yanjun Gao, Yixuan Ye, Jing Wang, Hao Zhang, Yao Wu, Yihui Wang, Lailai Yan, Yongliang Zhang, Shumin Duan, Lizhi Lv, Yun Wang
Titanium dioxide (TiO2), referred to as E171 in the European Union, is a common food additive used for whitening and brightening foods, especially candies, white sauces and dressings, and certain powdered foods. The titanium (Ti) content in food products can reach up to 5.4 mg Ti/g product, and the highest contents of total Ti have been found in sweets, candies, and chewing gums (Peters et al. 2014; Fiordaliso et al. 2018). The estimated daily intake of TiO2 in the Dutch population ranged from 0.06 mg/kg bw in the elderly to 0.67 mg/kg bw in children (Rompelberg et al. 2016). A Monte Carlo human exposure analysis indicated that US adults might be exposed to 1 mg Ti/kg bw per day and children who love sweets had a higher intake of 2 mg TiO2/kg bw per day (Weir et al. 2012). Surprisingly, a test of food-grade TiO2 showed that approximately 10–36% of the particles were TiO2 nanoparticles (NPs, less than 100 nm in size in at least one dimension), and the number-based size distribution in food products showed that 5 − 10% of the TiO2 particles in these foods had a diameter below 100 nm (Doudrick et al. 2014). In sugar-coated chewing gum, over 93% of TiO2 was in the form of NPs, which would be released and swallowed by humans upon chewing (Chen et al. 2013). Consumers have obviously come into direct contact with TiO2 NPs through food products.
Effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on DNA methylation in multiple human cell lines
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Marta Pogribna, Nathan A. Koonce, Ammu Mathew, Beverly Word, Anil K. Patri, Beverly Lyn-Cook, George Hammons
Among the nanoparticles, titanium dioxide (TiO2) is one of the most widely produced globally (PEN 2014). Commercial applications of TiO2 nanoparticles continue to grow in electronics, optics, and pharmaceutical fields. Consumer products containing titanium dioxide nanoparticles (sunscreens, cosmetics, personal care products, and paints) are also increasingly available. Due to the wide variety of applications, TiO2 nanoparticles present substantial potential for human exposures. Humans are exposed to these nanoparticles through dermal, oral, or respiratory routes (Wang et al. 2007; Shakeel et al. 2016). Previously considered as a biologically inert, TiO2 has recently been classified as a Group 2B carcinogen (possibly carcinogenic to human) by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC 2010). Increasing evidence has shown that TiO2 nanoparticles exert a variety of adverse health effects, including liver function damage, nephrotoxicity and pulmonary toxicity, suggesting considerable risk to human health (Chen et al. 2006; Wang et al. 2007; Duan et al. 2010). Many of the in vitro and in vivo studies reporting significant toxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles showed loss of cell viability, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, genotoxicity, and apoptotic cell death (Iavicoli et al. 2011; Shi et al. 2013; Zhang et al. 2015).