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Liver Disease—Alcoholic Hepatitis/Cirrhosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
Vitamin K: Nutritional deficiency is common with cirrhosis, especially in individuals with coexisting biliary disease. This leads to a reduction in bile production and flow, resulting in decreased intraluminal concentrations of biliary salts. The end-result is decreased absorption of fat-soluble vitamins, including vitamin K.9 Vitamin K is often administered in the treatment of coagulopathies (prolonged prothrombin time) secondary to parenchymal liver disease.
Nutritional Diseases
Published in Ayşe Serap Karadağ, Lawrence Charles Parish, Jordan V. Wang, Roxburgh's Common Skin Diseases, 2022
Chelsea Kesty, Madeline Hooper, Erin McClure, Emily Chea, Cynthia Bartus
Definition: This is a fat-soluble compound that is primarily involved in coagulation. Vitamin K deficiency can lead to bleeding, increased risk for cardiovascular disease, osteoporosis, and poor bone development. Vitamin K is responsible for maturation of the following coagulation factors: II, VII, IX, X, protein C, and protein S.
Micronutrients
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Vitamin K is a group of fat-soluble vitamins with a common chemical structure of 2-methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone, and includes two natural vitamers: vitamin K1 or phylloquinone and vitamin K2 or menaquinones (3, 9, 33, 82–88). In addition, menadiol and menadione, called vitamin K3, are synthetic compounds that can be metabolized to phylloquinone in the body (33, 85). However, they are reported to have adverse effects such as hemolysis and liver toxicity and are not used in therapy (82, 85). Therefore, only vitamin K1 and vitamin K2 are called vitamin K and naturally exist in some foods and are available as dietary supplement.
Massive warfarin overdose management in an adolescent patient
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2022
Andrea Setiawan, Varun Vohra, Emily Jaynes Winograd
Vitamin K is a fat-soluble vitamin and cofactor for gamma-glutamyl carboxylase, an enzyme essential for the activation of clotting factors inhibited by warfarin [1]. There are minimal adverse effects or toxicity risks associated with oral vitamin K [14]. While anaphylactoid type reactions have occurred after vitamin K administration, it is relatively uncommon with an incidence of 3 per 10,000 doses and more likely following IV administration [15]. The exact mechanism is unclear, but increased risk is associated with higher doses or administration as a rapid, undiluted IV bolus [15]. Despite these concerns, the benefits of vitamin K to reverse anticoagulation outweigh the risks, particularly in the setting of an acute overdose where precipitating a thrombotic event with liberal vitamin K use is not a concern.
A retrospective evaluation of vitamin K for hemoptysis in adult cystic fibrosis patients
Published in Hospital Practice, 2021
Elizabeth Marie Gavioli, Kevin Pao, Matthew Harrington
Hemoptysis is a common complication of CF and there is a lack of consensus on pharmacotherapy options [2]. Within this cohort, the average dose of vitamin K was 10 mg daily and patients required approximately 5 days of therapy for resolution of hemoptysis symptoms. While there are no previous trials regarding vitamin K dosage in the setting of an acute CF-PEx, previous trials have attempted to address an optimal chronic maintenance dose of vitamin K in the CF population. Jagannath et al. conducted a literature review and discovered that CF vitamin K deficient patients experienced restoration of serum K and undercarboxylated osteocalcin levels (PIVKA-II) after one month of daily supplementation of 1 mg oral vitamin K [6]. However, these results are only based upon two studies, and included both children and adults [8,9]. According to Kleinman et al, the recommended chronic vitamin K supplementation dose for CF patients of any age is 0.3–0.5 mg/day, but higher doses of vitamin K did not result in an increased rate of adverse effects and may be more effective in preventing insufficiency [10]. Recommendations from Europe have discrepancies in the ideal vitamin K dosing regimen, ranging from 0.3 to 1 mg/day or to even 10 mg/week [11]. These variations of vitamin K daily dosages may be guided by monitoring of PIVKA-II levels to help individualize patient requirements for vitamin K.
Vitamin K status and inflammation are associated with cognition in older Irish adults
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2020
A. Kiely, G. Ferland, B. Ouliass, P.W. O’Toole, H. Purtill, E.M. O’Connor
Vitamin K is generally known for its role in blood coagulation and is the general term for a group of fat-soluble compounds.1 However in recent years, a number of potential health benefits beyond coagulation have been attributed to vitamin K. While green leafy vegetables provide phylloquinone (or vitamin K1), the most widely consumed dietary form of the vitamin,2 high levels of a menaquinone (vitamin K2) isoform called menaquinone-4 (MK-4) have been reported in brain tissues.3 At the biochemical level, vitamin K is implicated in the production of sphingolipids, a group of lipids that comprise the myelin sheath of neuronal tissue3,4 and that are now recognised as important bioactive mediators of cell interaction, proliferation, senescence, differentiation and transformation.5 The vitamin K-dependent protein (VKDP) Growth-arrest specific gene-6 (Gas6) is present in the brain where it performs cell regulatory and myelination functions. A role for vitamin K in memory consolidation has also been documented. Carrie and colleagues (2011) conducted a feeding study on female Sprague–Dawley rats fed a low, adequate and high phylloquinone diet to determine the effects on spatial memory (using the Morris water maze test). Animals exposed to a high or adequate phylloquinone diet required less visual assistance to complete the task than rats on the vitamin K depleted diet.6