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Liver Disease—Alcoholic Hepatitis/Cirrhosis
Published in Charles Theisler, Adjuvant Medical Care, 2023
A liver disease is any disturbance of liver function that causes illness. Liver disease can present as a spectrum of clinical conditions that ranges from asymptomatic disease to end-stage liver disease.1 The two most common chronic liver diseases are viral hepatitis (see Hepatitis) and cirrhosis. In cirrhosis, liver cells are replaced with fibrotic tissue. The term cirrhosis is derived from the Greek “kirrhos” meaning orange-colored, and refers to the yellow-orange hue of the liver seen by the pathologist or surgeon.2 Cirrhosis is the twelfth most common cause of death in the U.S. and the fourth most frequent cause in the 45-54 year age group.
Hepatitis C
Published in Vincenzo Berghella, Maternal-Fetal Evidence Based Guidelines, 2022
Rebecca Pierce-Williams, Neil Silverman, Raja Dhanekula, Jonathan M. Fenkel, Danielle Tholey
There is no HCV vaccine available. Risk factors for HCV (Table 33.1) should be avoided and risk reduction counseling should be performed for HCV infected patients. Prevention of complications of liver disease includes avoidance of alcohol and hepatotoxic medicines (i.e. acetaminophen and certain herbal remedies) [5]. Obesity has also been associated with increased progression of liver fibrosis in those with HCV [48]; therefore, counseling should include an emphasis on maintaining a healthy diet and regular exercise.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
NAFLD is associated with elevated blood pressure. The reduction of blood pressure can be of particular benefit to those with NAFLD not only in terms of cardiovascular disease prevention but also as it relates to the progression of liver disease. Due to its impact on lowering blood pressure, the DASH diet may be a viable and preferable eating plan for those with NAFLD. Rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains and low in fat, a randomized control trial conducted by Razavi Zade et al. (2016) showed benefits of an 8-week DASH diet, in comparison to an isocaloric control diet, with weight, serum triglycerides, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, insulin and inflammatory and oxidative stress markers. Beneficial effects from the DASH diet may be especially true for African Americans, who appear to be especially sensitive to the blood pressure–lowering benefits of low-sodium diets (Zivkovic et al. 2007).
RNAi therapeutics for diseases involving protein aggregation: fazirsiran for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency-associated liver disease
Published in Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs, 2023
Pavel Strnad, Javier San Martin
Although AATD-related liver disease sometimes manifests in early childhood (birth to 5 years) and has been linked to pediatric liver conditions, such as neonatal cholestasis [19,20], most children will survive to adulthood. In adults, liver disease often manifests in the fourth or the fifth decade of life. Both the Pi*Z and Pi*S mutations are found primarily in Caucasians, with Pi*Z and Pi*S being more common in northern and southern European countries, respectively [17]. Approximately, a third of adults with the Pi*ZZ genotype (population frequency in Caucasians is about 1:3000) develop significant liver fibrosis [21,22]. The lifetime risk of cirrhosis may be 20% to 40% among individuals with AATD liver disease [23–26]. Patients with the PiZZ genotype are 20 times more likely to undergo liver transplantation than noncarriers [27]. Once liver disease progresses to cirrhosis, prognosis is usually poor, with a median survival of 1.8 years and a 1 year survival probability of 55% [25].
S-Propargyl-cysteine prevents concanavalin A-induced immunological liver injury in mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Beilei Ma, Yicheng Mao, Lingling Chang, Tao Dai, Xiaoming Xin, Fenfen Ma, Zhijun Wang, Zhuqing Shen, Qibing Mei, Yizhun Zhu
The liver is an important organ and plays a key role in glucose, lipid, xenobiotic metabolism, and antioxidant defense (Mani et al. 2014). Various types of liver diseases, including inflammatory liver disease (hepatitis), plague human health. Hepatitis, which is mostly caused by a viral infection, alcohol addiction, side effects of certain drugs, or autoimmune disorders, possesses the major pathological feature of tissue infiltration with a large number of inflammatory factors. This infiltration leads to morphological deformation and function deficiency in the liver (Zenewicz et al. 2007). Hepatitis seriously threatens the patients′ health because the normal functions of the organ, such as producing bile for digestion, producing essential hormones, eliminating the toxins from the body, and controlling fat and cholesterol levels, are undermined. There are many kinds of hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is an immune-mediated liver disease that has witnessed few major advances in treatment options over the last several decades. It barely has options for patients who are either refractory to or intolerant to standard therapy, which consists of prednisone and azathioprine. Thus, it is imperative to develop novel drugs and alternative strategies for AIH prevention and treatment.
Response to fumaric acid esters for plaque type psoriasis in real-world practice is largely independent of patient characteristics at baseline – a multivariable regression analysis from the German Psoriasis Registry PsoBest
Published in Journal of Dermatological Treatment, 2022
Kristian Reich, Ulrich Mrowietz, Christina Sorbe, Ralph von Kiedrowski, Sebastian Diemert, Lisa Schaeffer, Natalia Kirsten, Nesrine Ben-Anaya, Matthias Augustin
Data on comorbidity are collected in PsoBest using prelisted diseases or disease clusters. Additional comorbidities may be recorded using free text. Cardiovascular disease (prelisted in the CRF) captures peripheral artery occlusive disease, heart failure, coronary heart disease, thrombosis, hypertension and cerebrovascular disease. Metabolic disease includes diabetes mellitus type I and type II, disorders of lipid metabolism and hyperuricemia. Psychiatric or addictive disease includes depression, sleep apnea syndrome (following the classification of system organ class of Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) at time of CRF development) and alcohol abuse. Liver disease encompasses liver cirrhosis, hepatic steatosis and chronic liver damage. Further details on the registry have been published before (25). The evaluation was carried out according to the Declaration of Helsinki, the EU directive on data protection and the guidelines of good clinical practice.