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Gloves and Dermal Exposure to Chemicals
Published in Robert N. Phalen, Howard I. Maibach, Protective Gloves for Occupational Use, 2023
To estimate the mass of chemicals that might be inside the glove, we used the mass of toluene that was notionally splashed inside the glove and assumed that the adsorbent sampling glove was sufficient to retain it all. To that, we added the estimated mass flux through the glove assuming that it was not limited by the necessity to dissolve in water, i.e., we used the flux rate quoted by the manufacturer on the assumption that the adsorbent in the inner sampling glove would sustain the higher permeation rate. For the external exposure, we have assumed that a 1-μm layer of toluene would come into contact with the exposed outer glove surface every 5 min. It is difficult to judge exactly how much toluene would be in contact with the hand, and so this choice is rather arbitrary.
Inhalational Durg Abuse
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
Jacob Loke, Richard Rowley, Herbert D. Kleber, Peter Jatlow
Hepatorenal damage has been reported in a glue sniffer (O’Brien et a]., 1971) and similar findings are seen in sniffers of trichloroethylene solvent (Baerg and Kimberg, 1970). Inhalation of toluene can produce euphoria, headache, nausea and dizziness, and, at higher concentrations, there are signs of ataxia and intention tremor (Benignus, 1981). In monkeys, brief inhalation of toluene resulted in impairment of cognitive and motor abilities (Taylor and Evans, 1985). Cerebellar, cortical, and functional impairment have been shown in toluene abusers (Fornazzari et al., 1983) and schizophreniform psychosis has been associated with chronic industrial toluene exposure (Goldbloom and Chouinard, 1985). Volatile substances of toluene or methylene chloride can be identified in blood samples by flame ionization gas chromatography (Garriott and Petty, 1980).
Diseases of the Nervous System
Published in George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia, Molecular Biochemistry of Human Disease, 2020
George Feuer, Felix A. de la Iglesia
Toluene is a widely used solvent in the paint industry and in the manufacture of dyes and explosives. Acute exposure to this compound produces narcosis and depression of the nervous system.317 Low levels cause fatigue, nausea, and uncoordination. Chronic exposure is associated with ataxic gait, unsteadiness, bizarre behavior, and emotional instability.75,326,338 Benzene is more toxic than toluene; workers exposed to this solvent showed abnormal electroencephalogram patterns.328
Characteristics and circumstances of volatile solvent misuse-related death in Australia, 2000–2021
Published in Clinical Toxicology, 2023
Shane Darke, Emma Zahra, Johan Duflou, Amy Peacock, Michael Farrell, Julia Lappin
Toxicology was conducted in all cases but was available for inspection for 134 (81.7%) (Table 3). Of these cases, 128 had blood samples taken from peripheral sites and six from central sites. Toxicological analysis for volatile solvents was conducted and available for 108 cases, with no methods available to detect the solvent implicated in 26 cases. Reflecting the pre-eminence of gas fuels, butane was the most commonly detected volatile solvent (38.9%), with other gas fuels also being common. Toluene, most commonly from adhesives and paints, was the next most common (29.6%). Nitrous oxide was detected in blood samples in only five cases. The low incidence reflects the fact that, in 15 of the 20 nitrous oxide cases, the relevant laboratory at the time could not test for the drug.
The exposure to BTEX/Styrene and their health risk in the tire manufacturing
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Mehran Nazarparvar-Noshadi, Mehrdad Yadegari, Yousef Mohammadian, Yadolah Fakhri
Acute myelogenous leukemia and blood diseases, immune system damage, menstrual disorders, and changes are the adverse health effects of exposure to benzene (Boogaard and Van Sittert 1995, Lynge et al. 1997). Exposure to toluene can lead to multiple complications, including changes in the central nervous system, such as fatigue, dizziness, lack of coordination, delay in response time, and perceived person’s speed (Wexler 1998). ethylbenzene and xylene also cause respiratory and nervous problems (Substances and Registry 2010, Rajan and Malathi 2014). The health impacts of styrene are acute and chronic effects on the central and peripheral nervous system, decreased consciousness, changes in mental functioning, cognition, and emotions (Rebert and Hall 1994, Morgan et al. 1997, Sumner et al. 1997).
Inhalant misuse management. The experience in Mexico and a literature review
Published in Journal of Substance Use, 2018
Additional data concerning acute toluene intoxication treatment have been reported in two case series from patients admitted to the emergency room of a hospital located in a northern state of Mexico. Common symptoms on admission were confusion, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, cardiovascular alterations, muscle weakness and paresthesias. Clinical and metabolic alterations included severe hypokalemia, metabolic acidosis, rhabdomyolysis, renal tubular acidosis, and liver injury. EKG findings were consistent with hypokalemia. In most cases muscle weakness, electrolyte and acid-base disorders resolved within few days after parenteral potassium balance restoration and, when needed, HCO3 supplementation. Fatalities occurred in 3 out of 42 cases due to cardiac arrest (Camara-Lemarroy, Gonzalez-Moreno, Rodriguez-Gutierrez, & Gonzalez-Gonzalez, 2012; Camara-Lemarroy, Rodríguez-Gutierrez, Monreal-Robles, & Gonzalez-Gonzalez, 2015).