China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
A Comparative Study of Organic Pollutants in Seawater, Sediments, and Oyster Tissues at Hab River Delta, Balochistan Coast, Pakistan
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Sadar Aslam, Malik Wajid Hussain Chan, Grzegorz Boczkaj, Ghazala Siddiqui
Churna Island is situated about 9km outside Hab River outfall. The Churna and associated land along with Hab River Delta is known for its high biodiversity (Aslam et al., 2018, 2019a, 2019b, 2019c, 2019d, 2020b, 2020c; Dayrat et al., 2020) and a variety of wetland habitats. It is now famous for tourism, diving and recreational activities, contributing to the man-made pollution input. In the lower reaches of Hab River the HUBCO (Hub Power Company), one of the largest private-sector power plants (Figure 10.2a) is located in its southern part area adjacent to the oil refinery (Figure 10.2b) discharging effluents near the mouth of Hab River. The combustion of fossil fuels in HUBCO is also contributing in terms of thermal and other effluents causing severe pollution in the area. It is also interesting to note (Tables 10.1 and 10.2) that many substituted aromatic hydrocarbons are present, and most of them are also very likely deriving from petroleum manufacturing.
What Are Polymeric Carriers?
Published in Mesut Karahan, Synthetic Peptide Vaccine Models, 2021
Gülderen Karakuş, Dolunay Şakar Daşdan
By knowing the melting and boiling points of the solvent, it is important that the solvent can be removed from the polymer without any cost and without cause any threats to health. It is important. More aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons, esters, alcohols, and ethers are used. Water is also a solvent but most of the monomers are organic, so solution polymerization in water cannot be carried out, but polyacrylamide, poly (acrylic acid), poly (methyl methacrylate) can be synthesized in water (Nesvadba 2012).
Environment, pregnancy complications, and omics
Published in Moshe Hod, Vincenzo Berghella, Mary E. D'Alton, Gian Carlo Di Renzo, Eduard Gratacós, Vassilios Fanos, New Technologies and Perinatal Medicine, 2019
During its development, the central nervous system is highly susceptible to external stimuli that may exert a deleterious impact. Several industrial chemicals, such as lead, arsenic, and pesticides, have been associated with causing neurotoxicity (29). Maternal exposure during pregnancy to indoor environmental pollutants, such as mold and pesticides, has also been suggested to impair fetal neurologic development and cognitive function (30). Data from six European birth cohorts, including 9,482 children, demonstrated an association of exposure during pregnancy to air pollutants, particularly NO2, with reduced psychomotor development (global psychomotor development score decreased by 0.68 points [95% CI = −1.25 to −0.11] per increase of 10 μg/m3 in NO2) (31). A prospective Polish study showed an association of exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, which are indoor and outdoor air pollutants that result from industrial combustion, home cooking, and cigarette smoking, with impaired cognitive development in children, 5 years of age, following in utero exposure (32).
Long-term reproductive effects of benzo(a)pyrene at environmentally relevant dose on juvenile female rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2023
Ana Carolina Casali Reis, Bárbara Campos Jorge, Beatriz Rizzo Paschoalini, Jéssica Nogueira Bueno, Julia Stein, Suyane da Silva Moreira, Beatriz de Matos Manoel, Glaura Scantamburlo Alves Fernandes, Hamilton Hisano, Arielle Cristina Arena
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the main pollutants present in large cities (Mukherjee and Agrawal 2018) and these compounds have attracted a great attention due to their toxicity and persistence in the environment. Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) is part of the group of PAHs and is a ubiquitous environmental pollutant with endocrine disruptor properties (US-EPA 2017). This substance is produced by the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels and organic material, and it is an important chemical present in the cigarette smoke and grilled food (Sagredo et al.2006, IARC 2012). Environmental exposure to BaP in the air ranges from 0.1 to 66 ng/m3, while the average consumption of BaP-contaminated food in all European countries is approximately 0.2 μg/kg/day, a value above the maximum acceptable daily intake level of 6–8 ng/kg/day (Alexander et al.2008).
Optimizing outcomes and managing adverse events in locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer: a clinical pharmacology perspective
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2023
Pratap Singh, Anand Rotte, Anthony A. Golsorkhi, Sandhya Girish
Smoking is the most common risk factor for BC accounting for nearly two-thirds of cases in men and one-third cases in women [9,10]. The risk of bladder cancer has been shown to be approximately 4-fold higher in smokers compared to those who have never smoked before [11], possibly because tobacco carcinogens are eliminated through urine and are likely stored in the bladder along with urine before elimination where they can affect the bladder [10]. Occupational exposure to chemicals used in paints, textiles, plastics, printers and rubber industries such as aromatic amines and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is the second most common risk for BC [9,10]. Infection with Schistosoma haematobium parasite more commonly seen in Africa and Middle East is another risk factor mainly for squamous cell carcinomas (nonurothelial BC) [12]. Inflammation of bladder due to chronic urinary tract infections, chronic use of urinary catheters and bladder stones are also known to be risk factors for BC [10]. Finally, exposure to radiation and/or chemotherapy as part of treatment for other malignancies or autoimmune diseases has also been shown to be a risk factor BC [9,10].
Human biomonitoring of low-level benzene exposures
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2022
Benzene is a small and volatile single-ring aromatic hydrocarbon that occurs naturally in crude oil and natural gas and is formed in almost any combustion process of organic matter. Benzene was first isolated as a discrete substance in the early nineteenth century and halfway through the nineteenth century the first industrial production came about through fractional distillation of coal tar (Mansfield 1849). Initially, benzene was used in cosmetics and after-shave because of its pleasant smell, and it was even used as therapeutic agent to cure several types of leukaemia (Rolleston and Boyd 1914; Ross 1914; Weber 1914; Stolkind 1931). The use of benzene increased dramatically when it was recognised as an excellent solvent for many (organic) materials. Benzene was widely used in adhesives and in the rubber industry as it proved the ideal solvent for latex, but also in a wide variety of other applications, such as degreasing of metal surfaces and decaffeinating coffee. The use of benzene in industrial applications increased over time and until the second world war its production was almost entirely based on coal tar distillation. After the second world war benzene became more important as a starting material to produce other chemicals and the production from crude oil increased sharply. Nowadays, more than half of all benzene produced annually serves as building block for ethylbenzene to produce styrene and subsequently polystyrene. Other uses comprise the production of phenol, aniline and detergent feedstocks.