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Adulteration of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Selection of correct plant material is the basic for the production of essential oils. It is clearly confirmed in every ISO standard, from which botanical source the oil has to be produced. When a cultivation of the biomass is possible, it must be guaranteed that the correct species is used. By using wild collected plants, the possible risk of collecting similar species or chemotypes cannot be excluded. As an example, essential oil of Thymus serpyllum L. from Turkey origin was sent for analysis. As a result, the oil was absolutely different from experience and literature. Thymol and carvacrol were too low, and linalool was higher as well as geraniol and geranyl acetate: What could have happened? People collecting the wild thyme took everything that look like a thyme plant without looking for the chemotypes (which is hardly possible by visual selection). Higher quantities of linalool and geraniol chemotypes were present. The oil was natural at all, but it is not to be used in flavor application or aromatherapy. A further example is the petitgrain oil: The petitgrain from Paraguay is not a bitter orange plant as such. Citrus aurantium L. is the true bitter orange plant used for production of the essential oil from peel, but also from leaves to obtain petitgrain oil “bigarade.” The oil from Paraguayan plants is derived from Citrus sinensis L. Pers. × Citrus aurantium L. ssp. amara var. pumila. This is a hybrid from a sweet and bitter orange. The composition of that oil is different from the first because of its higher content of limonene, trans-β-ocimene, and mainly linalyl acetate (ISO/DIS, 8901 and ISO/DIS, 3064 2015). The Paraguayan oil was sold as bitter orange oil; however, curiously, the oil of petitgrain from Paraguay was much cheaper. A further mistake can be the inappropriate treatment of the biomass. Fresh distilled plant material results in a different final product than the oil from dried or fermented material. The question arises, is it a desired procedure or a mistake or an omission? Good manufacturing practice (GMP) is a standard application procedure in technologically developed countries, but what about emerging nations or those without any technical progress? Can such essential oils be traded or used?
Carvacrol nanoemulsion evokes cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and autophagy inhibition in doxorubicin resistant-A549 cell line
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2018
Imran Khan, Ashutosh Bahuguna, Monika Bhardwaj, Tejinder Pal Khaket, Sun Chul Kang
Nutraceuticals known to control cancer formation by various molecular pathways such as cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy [4,5]. However, several natural bioactive compounds possess limitation such as gastric residence time, instable to gastric pH and enzymes and directly effect on the efficacy of the compound [6]. Therefore, it is important to enhance the self-life of these bioactive compounds by using different oil base, surfactants or linker [7]. Here, we used carvacrol, a monoterpenoid phenolic compound found in various aromatic plants such as Origanum vulgare, Origanum dictammus, Origanum majorana, Thymbra capitate, Satureja hortensis, Thymus vulgaris and Thymus zygis, Thymus serpyllum, and Satureja montana which possess many biological activities such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-viral and anticancer [8–10]. Carvacrol partial solubility in the water and instability towards light, pressure and heat are the major hurdles of its commercial application. To overcome these drawbacks, it is necessary to use carvacrol in its altered form, and emulsion proposed one of the convenient and effective ways to overcome these challenges by enhancing its self-life against the various physiochemical stresses [7].
Anti-biofilm activities of essential oils rich in carvacrol and thymol against Salmonella Enteritidis
Published in Biofouling, 2019
Ivana Čabarkapa, Radmilo Čolović, Olivera Đuragić, Sanja Popović, Bojana Kokić, Dubravka Milanov, Lato Pezo
The aim of the present study was to investigate the antimicrobial and anti-biofilm activity of EO’s from Origanum heracleoticum, Origanum vulgare, Thymus vulgaris and Thymus serpyllum, as well as their active components carvacrol and thymol, against S. Enteritidis using in vitro assays.