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Tropical Herbs and Spices as Functional Foods with Antidiabetic Activities
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Arijit Nath, Rasul Hafiz Ansar Suleria, Plant-Based Functional Foods and Phytochemicals, 2021
Arnia Sari Mukaromah, Fitria Susilowati
The main constituent in essential oil from roots is bornyl acetate (23%). However, a-terpinene is a major compound in the stem and leaves; and γ-terpinene is abundant in the flower. Quercetin is a primary phenolic compound in the roots, while vanillic acid is present in a higher amount in the flowers. However, p-coumaric, rosmarinic, trans-2-dihydrocinnamic acids, and resorcinol are found predominantly in stems and leaves. Antioxidant activity assessment of the cumin plant parts has been checked using four types of assays, such as: l,l-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), (3-carotene/ linoleic acid, reducing power and chelating power assays. The cumin flowers acetone extract has strong antioxidant activity, lipid peroxidation inhibitor, and reducing agent, whereas acetone extract of stem and leaves exhibits the highest chelating power. Nevertheless, the essential oil offers moderate antioxidant activity as shown by antioxidant assay [20].
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
alpha-Terpinene is a colorless to pale yellow clear oily liquid; its odor type is woody and its odor at 10% is described as ‘citrusy, woody, terpy with camphoraceous and thymol notes. It has spicy and juicy citrus nuances’ (www.thegood scentscompany.com). alpha-Terpinene is a naturally occurring cyclic monoterpene produced in the secondary metabolism of plants. It has been identified in numerous plant extracts and is a constituent of several commonly used essential oils, especially tea tree oil (see ‘Presence in essential oils’ below and Chapter 6.71 Tea tree oil). α-Terpinene is sometimes present in fragrances at low levels as part of natural oils that are used in the actual fragrances. The chemical has antioxidant activity and it is one of the most important constituents responsible for the antioxidant activity of tea tree oil.
Why Terpenes Matter—The Entourage Effect
Published in Betty Wedman-St Louis, Cannabis as Medicine, 2019
Terpinolene is one of the least common terpenes but is also found in nutmeg, tea tree, cumin. Sedative, antispasmodicAntioxidant, anti-tumor, antifungal, antibacterial
Anti-Demodex Effect of Commercial Eyelid Hygiene Products
Published in Seminars in Ophthalmology, 2021
When examining similar studies on this subject, the study of Tighe et al.13 draws attention. In this study, T4O was found to be the strongest component in TTO, followed by a-terpineol, 1,8-cineole, and sabinene. Moreover, T4O was found to be more effective than TTO at equivalent concentrations. The killing effect of T4O was observed even at a concentration of only 1%. It was found to have a significant synergistic effect with Terpinolene, but an antagonistic effect was observed with α-terpineol. This study also emphasized that using T4O alone in Demodex treatment is more effective in preventing antagonistic effects than other substances in the TTO content. In fact, the most important point that draws our attention in this study is that when the concentration of all active substances including TTO, except T4O, falls below 10%, Demodex killing time goes up to 150 min or more. In order to reduce both cost and potential toxic effects, eye cleaning wipes and solutions available in the market contain active ingredients at a concentration below 10%. Thus, it is highly doubtful how much anti-Demodex activity will be for those with ingredients other than T4O. Our study highly supports this situation.
Therapeutic potential of castor oil in managing blepharitis, meibomian gland dysfunction and dry eye
Published in Clinical and Experimental Optometry, 2021
Emma C Sandford, Alex Muntz, Jennifer P Craig
The oil comprises 87–90 per cent ricinoleic acid, 2–7 per cent oleic acid, 3–5 per cent linoleic acid, 1–2 per cent palmitic acid, one per cent stearic acid, one per cent dihydrostearic acid with trace amounts of other fatty acids, including dihydroxystearic acid, eicosanoic acid, arachidic acid and hexadecenoic acid. It has been shown additionally to contain lauric acid, globulin, cholesterol, lipase, vitamin E and B‐sitosterol.66 Glycosides of fatty acids are also present.76 Other trace constituents have been found to include tannin, phenol, alkaloid, phytate, oxalate, saponin, cyanogenic glycosides and flavonoid in decreasing order of concentration. Volatile constituents, cineole, 2‐octanol, terpenene‐4‐ol, limonene, sabinene, pinene, terpinene and methyl groups are also present. The beneficial properties of castor oil are understood to result from the combination of components and trace amounts of essential oils (such as glycosides).56,77,78
Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) leaf extract modulates purinergic and cholinergic enzyme activities in the brain homogenate of 5-fluorouracil administered rats
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2020
Stephen Adeniyi Adefegha, Sunday Idowu Oyeleye, Abimbola Akintemi, Bathlomew Maduka Okeke, Ganiyu Oboh
In this study, the salutary biological effects of thyme may be attributed to the presence of some bioactive compounds (Fachini-Queiroz et al. 2012, Gavliakova et al. 2013, Quiroga et al. 2015). Luteolin and apigenin are the most abundant flavonoids in thyme and are present in both aglycone and as O-glycoside forms (Stahl-Biskup and Venskutonis 2012, Kaliora et al. 2014). Vallverdu-Queralt et al. (2014) reported that rosmarinic, caffeic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, protocatechuic, ferulic, syringic, quercetin and chlorogenic acids are the predominant phenolic acids in thyme. Thymol, carvacrol, p-cymene, γ-terpinene, linalool and limonene were identified as the major terpinol and terpenoids in thyme (Burdock 2016). The thyme leaves were found to contain five biphenyl compounds: 4’-hydroxy-5,5’-diisopropyl-2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl-3,4-dione, 5,5’-diisopropyl-2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl-3,4,3’,4’-tetraone, 4,4’-dihydroxy-5,5’-disopropyl-2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl-3,6-dione, 3,4,3’,4’-tetrahydroxy-5,5’- diisopropyl-2,2’-dimethylbiphenyl and 3,4,4’-trihydroxy-5,5’- diisopropyl-2,2’- dimethylbiphenyl (Okazaki et al. 2002, Javed et al. 2013, Ladopoulou et al. 2015). These aforementioned bioactive constituents could therefore be responsible for the resultant biological effects observed in this study either synergistically or additively.