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Common Medicines from Herbs, Minerals and Animal Sources
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Cardamom has been utilised as traditional medicine and culinary herb for hundreds of years. Its uses include renal diseases, asthma, periodontitis, gastrointestinal issues, gum infections (Hamzaa & Osman, 2012; Saeed et al., 2014), nausea, cardiac diseases, cataracts and diarrhoea (Gilani et al., 2008; Khan et al., 2011). The activities and usage of cardamom as functional food, nutraceutical and phytopharmaceutical are because of its bioactive constituents and essential oil (Hamzaa & Osman, 2012). Cardamom has been utilised from the fourth century by ancient Roman and Greek doctors and Indian Ayurveda physicians to manage several health conditions like constipation, asthma, bronchitis, CVD, cold, chest congestion and pulmonary tuberculosis. In TCM, cardamom was used to manage dysentery, constipation, bladder infections and stomach ache in children; it has also been extensively used in Ayurveda to manage food poisoning (Ashokkumar, Murugan, et al., 2020).
Potential of Spices As Medicines and Immunity Boosters
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Minoo Divakaran, K. Nirmal Babu, K. V. Peter
Cardamom of commerce is the dried seed capsule of a group of plants belonging to the family Zingiberaceae. Small cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum Maton), native to India, is known as the ‘Queen of spices’ is cultivated commonly in the southern states of Kerala, Karnataka, and Tamil Nadu. Kazemi et al. (2017) have investigated supplementation effects of cardamom in obese pre-diabetic women (population size of 80), with high lipid levels in blood, with regards to their inflammation and oxidative stress, thus reducing complications associated with it. Cardamom is added as an enhancer of immune responses, in the pharmaceutical industry, to drugs which are carminative, stomachic. It is a common home remedy for indigestion, morning sickness, oral odor, bronchial infections, skin diseases, inflammations, itching, and poisons.
Osteoarthritis
Published in Nicole M. Farmer, Andres Victor Ardisson Korat, Cooking for Health and Disease Prevention, 2022
Ginger is a member of the cardamom and turmeric plant family. The edible portion of the ginger plant is the rhizome, the horizontal stem from which the roots grow, containing chemical components with antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. These properties provide an explanation for ginger’s positive effects on arthritis, specifically OA. Several studies have shown lowered inflammatory markers, such as C-reactive protein after ginger supplementation (Vaishya et al., 2018), and randomized studies have found that ginger and the anti-inflammatory medicine diclofenac both improved pain-related symptoms better than the each alone (Paramdeep, 2013).
Aqueous extract of large cardamom inhibits vascular damage, oxidative stress, and metabolic changes in fructose-fed hypertensive rats
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2021
Kanthlal SK, Arya VS, Bindhu Paul–Prasanth, Vijayakumar M, Rema Shree AB, Uma Devi P
The large cardamom fruit used in this study was obtained from the Spices Board of India. The fruit was processed as per the standard guidelines and regulations of the board. A voucher specimen (ASP/Cog08S) was deposited at the School of Pharmacy, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, AIMS Kochi, Kerala. The plant name was checked with The Plant List (TPL) database http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-219503 the website being accessed on February 3, 2019. Using a mixer grinder, the dried fruit was pulverized and passed through mesh no. 400 to get a dry, coarse powder. In a 250 mL sterile Erlenmeyer flask, 5 grams of large cardamom powder was soaked for 30 minutes in 100 ml of distilled water. The flask was stoppered with cotton (sterile) and boiled until 1/4th (25 mL) volume was reached (23). The solution was filtered through a muslin cloth. Using an IKA-RV-10 rotary vacuum evaporator (55°C at 7 mbar), the concentrated extract was then evaporated for dryness. Throughout the course of the experiment, the extract was maintained in the desiccator.
Antioxidant and vasorelaxant effects of aqueous extract of large cardamom in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats
Published in Clinical and Experimental Hypertension, 2020
S K Kanthlal, Jipnomon Joseph, Bindhu Paul, Vijayakumar M, Uma Devi P
Concurrent treatment with AELC prevented the increase in blood pressure induced by L-NAME in a dose-dependent manner and also restored vascular responses to acetylcholine. In this study, disruption of the NO pathway initiated by L-NAME resulted in significantly reduced plasma NOx concentration. The increase in plasma NOx levels after AELC treatment may be explained by the fact that large cardamom could directly act on the vascular system and enhance the NO production. Experimental models of hypertension suggest the arterial baroreflex system is altered during arterial pressure elevations by vasomotor driven sympathoexcitation which further disrupts NO bioavailability (30). Significant decrease in elevated mean arterial pressure with respect to plasma NO level showed by AELC in L-NAME treated rats indicates that suppressing sympathoexcitation by reduction in baroreflex sensitivity could also be a possible mechanism to prevent hypertension. Large cardamom is reported to consist of different constituents like cardamonin, alpinetin, cyanidin-3-glucoside, etc. Previous studies have established the vasorelaxant effect of cardamonin and alpinetin, whereas anthocyanin pigment cyanidin-3-glucoside has been reported to prevent and attenuate hypertension by increasing the expression of eNOS (31,32). Therefore, we postulate that the antihypertensive effect of large cardamom extract might be due to its ability to diminish the peripheral resistance by vasodilating activities. Permanent increase in systemic blood pressure often leads to vascular hypertrophy. In fact, in the present study, it was found that treatment with L-NAME increased the cardiac weight and histological analysis showed an increase in the thickness of the vascular wall (33). Endothelial dysfunction in L-NAME–treated rats is also associated with increased production of endothelium-derived constricting substances (EDCF) like endothelin, angiotensin II, arachidonic acid derivates, or free radicals in the femoral arteries (34). Treatment with AELC reduced the aortic thickening and improved the acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent relaxation in NO deficient hypertensive rats. Hence, it can be hypothesized that endothelium-dependent relaxation showed by AELC could also prevent the aortic pressor sympathetic stimuli which can lead to increase heart rate with respect to peripheral vascular resistance.