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Common Medicines from Herbs, Minerals and Animal Sources
Published in Mehwish Iqbal, Complementary and Alternative Medicinal Approaches for Enhancing Immunity, 2023
Cardamom belongs to the family Zingiberaceae; it is a commercially important and high-priced spice globally in demand. Though it is native to Sri Lanka and India, it is also cultivated in Tanzania, Guatemala, Laos, the Malay Archipelago, Thailand, Cambodia, El Salvador and Papua New Guinea, with Guatemala being the greatest producer of cardamom in the world (Aghasi et al., 2018; Cyriac et al., 2016). According to the ancient Ayurvedic literature, cardamom spice has been used to assist digestion and reduce fat. Egyptians of previous times consumed Elettaria cardamomum as a refresher for the mouth. In Indian cuisine, cardamom is extensively utilised as a spice. Fruit is the most consumable part of the plant, while its essential oils and seeds are utilised as flavouring constituents in a range of edibles, including meat and its products, baked food, beverages, condiments, candy and desserts. Ancient Egyptians masticated cardamom seeds to enhance the whiteness of their teeth, and ancient Greeks imported them till the fourth century BC; the Greek physician of the first century, Pedanius Dioscorides, mentions cardamom in his book De Materia Medica (Sengottuvelu, 2011).
Monographs of essential oils that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum L. (Maton)) is a tall, perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Zingiberaceae family. Its dried fruit is one of the most highly priced spices in the world. It takes 3–4 years before the plant starts bearing the yellow-grey capsules containing many small black seeds (2).
Quorum Sensing and Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Isabel Charlotte Soede, Gerhard Buchbauer
Jaramillo-Colorado et al. (2012) investigated the anti-QS activity of different Columbian plants on a Pseudomonas putida, as well as on an E. coli, strain. As the chemical composition of Lippia alba oils depends on the collection location of the plants, tests were carried out with oils from different collection sites. Additionally, the team differed between oils extracted by means of microwave-assisted hydro-distillation (MWHD) or hydro-distillation (HD). In concentrations of 1.2 mg/mL, anti-QS activity was measured for some of the L. alba oils, Ocotea sp., and Elettaria cardamomum in P. putida (the highest activity inhibition was reached by a the geranial/neral chemotype of L. alba), whereas only two of the limonene/carvone chemotypes showed a low inhibitory activity of 9% and 1%, respectively). All of the oils were active QS inhibitors in E. coli, the most active was an oil of L. alba chemotype 2 and Ocotea sp. (Jaramillo-Colorado et al., 2012).
Fumigant toxicity of three Satureja species on tomato leafminers, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Essential oils of different plants have various effects on an insect species. Here, satureja oils showed medium effects on T. absoluta larvae in comparison to the other experiments. Goudarzvande Chegini et al. (2018) assessed the fumigant toxicity of Zataria multiflora Boiss essential oil on different stages of the tomato leafminer. LC50 values for second instar larvae inside and outside leaf, were 4.44 and 1.26 μlL−1(air), respectively. When the essential oil from cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum (L.) Maton was examined on the same stage of the larvae already tested, LC50 for the larvae inside and outside the leaves was 7.88 and 1.55 μl L−1(air), respectively (Goudarzvand Chegini and Abbasipour 2017). Zarrad et al. (2017) examined the fumigant toxicity of Citrus aurantium L. essential oil against Tuta absoluta larvae and determined LC50 10.65 μl L−1(air). However, the fumigant toxicity of Citrus limon (L.) essential oils against the third instar larvae of T. absoluta was less toxic (LC50 24.33 μl L−1(air)) (Zarrad et al. 2015).
Formulation, optimisation and in-vitro, in-vivo evaluation of surfactant stabilised nanosuspension of Ginkgo biloba
Published in Journal of Microencapsulation, 2019
Saba Aslam, Nazish Jahan, Khalil-Ur-Rehman , Shaukat Ali
DPPH free radical scavenging method is most commonly employed method to determine the antioxidant potential of plant products due to its simplicity. Purple colour of DPPH free radical changes to yellow by reaction with antioxidant molecule that can be determined spectrophotometrically at 517 nm. In current study, nanosuspension of G. biloba showed greater attenuation of DPPH free radicals (75.12 ± 1.41%) as compared to its coarse suspension (66.9 ± 0.7%). Ginkgo biloba is a dioecious tree and contains important flavonoids such as quercetin, kaempferol and isorhamnetin. Free radical scavenging activity of G. biloba might be due the presence of flavonoids glycosides. Considerable antioxidant activity was observed for the ethanolic extract of G. biloba (Zahradnikova et al. 2007). Nanosuspension of Elettaria cardamomum showed enhanced antioxidant potential in contrast to simple solution (Jahan et al. 2016).
The predictive utility of the plant phylogeny in identifying sources of cardiovascular drugs
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2018
Emily Guzman, Jeanmaire Molina
All four species of the unrelated Zingiberaceae family demonstrated CCB effect. Thai black ginger, Kaempferia parviflora, when given to rats, had a vasorelaxant effect that was achieved by reducing Ca2+ influx due to its 5,7-dimethoxyflavone content (Anwar et al. 2016). This was also the case for the confamilial cardamom, Elettaria cardamomum (Anwar et al. 2016). The methanolic fraction of the essential oil of Alpinia zerumbet, folklorically used in Brazil to treat hypertension, was also shown to inhibit calcium influx promoting hypotension (da Cunha et al. 2013). Extracts of common ginger, Zingiber officinale also lowered blood pressure and possessed cardiodepressant activity via the same mechanism (Ghayur and Gilani 2005). The common mechanism of CCB among these species of Zingiberaceae invites investigation of other species within the family for this activity, as predicted by the phylogeny. As a proof of concept, when other species were searched for CCB effects, Curcuma longa (turmeric) came up positive due to its constituent molecule cyclocurcumin (Kim et al. 2017), as well as several other species within Zingiberaceae (Gonçalves et al. 2014). This reinforces the utility of the phylogeny in drug discovery, in predicting pharmacological mechanisms of novel and unexplored species based on their evolutionary relationships.