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A Comparative Study of Organic Pollutants in Seawater, Sediments, and Oyster Tissues at Hab River Delta, Balochistan Coast, Pakistan
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Sadar Aslam, Malik Wajid Hussain Chan, Grzegorz Boczkaj, Ghazala Siddiqui
The only possible explanation for their presence in oyster (limonene, benzene acetic acid, 3-carene) is that they were accumulated from exogenous sources. Currently, d-limonene is also widely used as a flavor and a fragrance and is listed as “generally recognized as safe” in food by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (21 CFR 182.60). 2-phenoxyethanol, a drug that dissolves well in water and oils, provides effective anesthesia with short induction time (13 min), and over 95% survival rate is used for oysters (Mamangkey et al., 2009). Seafood contains rich polyunsaturated fatty acids (Ackman, 1990). Many oyster flavor volatiles arise from the oxidation of these fatty acids (Cruz-Romero et al. 2008; Piveteau et al., 2000). The oyster alkenes most identified were C8 alkenes, and some of them possessed conjugated structures, such as (Z,Z)-3,5-octadiene, 1,3-trans-5-cisoctatriene and 1,3-cyclooctadiene. The alcohols were identified in the volatile compositions of oyster derived from the autoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (Cruz-Romero et al., 2008).
Monographs of fragrance chemicals and extracts that have caused contact allergy / allergic contact dermatitis
Published in Anton C. de Groot, Monographs in Contact Allergy, 2021
Limonene is a colorless clear liquid; its odor type is citrus and its odor at 100% is described as ‘citrus herbal terpene camphor’ (www.thegoodscentscompany.com). Limonene is found in many natural oils and fruits including orange, lemons and grapefruit (see below). Limonene is a natural emission of eucalyptus trees, needle-leaf trees, broad-leaf trees, shrubs, grasses and crops. It is present in wood smoke, tobacco, and tobacco smoke.
Influence of Air on Essential Oil Constituents
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Darija Gajić, Gerhard Buchbauer
Nowadays, limonene is mostly used as an added fragrance compound, that is, as a by-product from the citrus juice industry. Hence, according to fragrance industry data, it is presumable that the (R)-(+)-form is the key source of exposure (Matura et al., 2006). This study actually provided clinical evidence for the significance of limonene oxidation products wherein basic chemical background was briefly investigated as well. Thus, it was confirmed that the oxidation mixture consists of a few oxidation, that is, degradation, products. Carvone, limonene oxide, and limonene hydroperoxide were proved to be major identified compounds with considerable allergenic activity, with the latter being the most important one.
Analyses on the influence of normal nasal morphological variations on odorant transport to the olfactory cleft
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Ryan M. Sicard, Reanna Shah, Dennis O. Frank-Ito
The three odorants examined in this study – limonene, acetaldehyde, and 2,4-dinitrotoluene – vary in terms of their physical properties. Limonene is a relatively insoluble odorant with a lemon-like odor and is considered to have a low level of toxicity (Sun 2007). Acetaldehyde carries a sharp and fruity odor and is miscible in proportions with water and most organic solvents (National Center for Biotechnology Information 2004b). 2,4- Dinitrotoluene is a highly toxic and soluble odorant with a slight odor (Agency USE). Given that limonene has a very low toxicity level according to the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health and that the revised Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) concentration for acetaldehyde was deemed to be 2000 ppm, these two odorants (limonene and acetaldehyde) were simulated at safe exposure concentration of 200 ppm (Howard 1994). However, because the IDLH concentration for dinitrotoluene is 6.71 ppm, a much lower exposure concentration of 0.20 ppm was simulated (Agency USE).
Breathing new life into clinical testing and diagnostics: perspectives on volatile biomarkers from breath
Published in Critical Reviews in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, 2022
Jordan J. Haworth, Charlotte K. Pitcher, Giuseppe Ferrandino, Anthony R. Hobson, Kirk L. Pappan, Jonathan L. D. Lawson
Perhaps due to the historical significance of liver diseases in breath research, a number of studies have been performed exploring VOCs on breath in association with CLDs, particularly cirrhosis (Table 3). The most consistent output of these studies, despite their variation in methodologies, has been the identification of elevated limonene on breath as a prospective biomarker associated with the development of cirrhosis [92–96]. Unlike the classical approach of using endogenous biomarkers produced within the body, limonene on breath is thought to originate solely from exogenous dietary sources. Limonene is a terpene abundant in citrus fruit and is widely used in the food industry as flavoring agent. Dietary limonene is processed by CYP liver enzymes and, as such, it is plausible to expect that reduced liver function would slow or arrest the metabolic conversion of limonene [97].
Influence of common dietary supplements (curcumin, andrographolide, and d-limonene) on the radiobiological responses of p53-competent colonic cancer epithelial cells
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2021
Dusan Vukmirovic, Nguyen T. K. Vo, Colin Seymour, Dave Rollo, Carmel Mothersill
D-limonene, another notable and commercial phytochemical, is derived from citrus rinds with applications as an aromatic flavor ingredient in consumables and industrial detergents. Similar to both curcumin and andrographolide, d-limonene has shown to possess anti-oxidative (Grassmann 2005), and anti-inflammatory qualities (Evans et al. 1987) that might have utility in modulation of radiation responses. Notably, the administration of d-limonene to murine lymphocytes in the experiment by Roberto et al. (2010) stimulated enzymatic antioxidant activities of catalase in response to hydrogen peroxide treatment and reduced apoptotic responses in cells. In another study by Hamada et al., d-limonene conferred immunostimulatory effects in alveolar macrophages in rats (Hamada et al. 2002). Therefore, the versatility of cellular and systemic properties of these compounds might contribute to dietary modulation of radiation responses.