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Transformation of Natural Products by Marine-Derived Microorganisms
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Thayane Melo de Queiroz, André Luiz Meleiro Porto
Terpenoids are organic compounds derived from C5 isoprene units that are normally joined together in a head-to-tail condensation. These compounds are found in plants and microorganisms, and they constitute an extensive class of compounds with different carbon chain sizes. The members of this class of compounds are represented by monoterpenes (C10), sesquiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), triterpenes (C30), and tetraterpenes (C40) (Dewick, 2009). The terpenoids have important biological properties, such as anti-inflammatory, antitumor, antimicrobial, antiparasitic, and insecticide activities, among others (De Carvalho and Da Fonseca, 2006; Bakkali et al., 2008; Schwab et al., 2013; Martins et al., 2015).
Free Radicals and Antioxidants
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Terpenoids, also called ‘isoprenoids’, constitute one of the largest groups of natural products with important biological, pharmacological, medical and industrial properties (187–196). Most of the terpenoids are secondary metabolites of plants; however, a few of them are also synthesized by other organisms, such as bacteria and yeast. Terpenes and terpenoids account for 40,000 to 60,000 compounds according to each publication (188, 190, 193). Terpenes are simple hydrocarbons, while terpenoids are a modified class of terpenes with different functional groups (OH groups) and oxidized methyl group moved or removed at various positions (187). Terpenoids are composed of five-carbon ‘isoprene’ (C5H8) units or building blocks assembled and modified in thousands of ways (187–196).
Chemopreventive Agents
Published in David E. Thurston, Ilona Pysz, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Anticancer Drugs, 2021
Terpenoids (also called terpenes) are a large diverse group of isoprene-based natural products that account for around 60% of all known natural products. They are derived from isoprene units, and most are multicyclic structures with some containing oxygen-containing functional groups. Terpenoids are classified as mono-, di-, tri-, or tetraterpenoids according to the number of isoprene units they contain.
SUMO-specific protease 1 inhibitors–A literature and patent overview
Published in Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Patents, 2022
Hang Li, Leyuan Chen, Yiliang Li, Wenbin Hou
Terpenoids have been extensively studied for their biological roles. Triptolide (30) (Table 3) is a compound isolated from the traditional Chinese medicine Tripterygium wilfordii, which has a variety of biological functions, such as anti-tumor, immunosuppression and anti-inflammatory [75–77]. Huang et al. [78] found a new mechanism for the antitumor effect of triptolide. In vitro studies have found that low concentrations of triptolide can significantly inhibit the proliferation of prostate cancer cells and induce their apoptosis. The results of transplanted tumors in mice showed that triptolide could significantly reduce the tumor volume. To further explore the anti-tumor mechanism of triptolide, it was found that it can induce the decrease of SENP1 mRNA level, and reduce the SENP1 protein expression level in cells in a time-dependent and dose-dependent manner. Overall, some of the above natural products have demonstrated inhibition of SENP1 at the animal or cellular level, and indeed have no IC50 values and no other mechanism. With the further study of SENP1, more pharmacological parameters of these compounds may be detected.
The ‘entourage effect’ or ‘hodge-podge hashish’: the questionable rebranding, marketing, and expectations of cannabis polypharmacy
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Although prominent authors on the topic also recognize the hypothetical nature of the EE and persistently call for more research, these quotes demonstrate the common tendency to cast the EE in a wholly optimistic light in which therapeutic benefit is assumed to be amplified or augmented on account of speculative interactions despite little compelling evidence and no clear lineage tying these expectations to Mechoulam’s original use of the term. In other words, the literature jumped from the coining of the term in one context, and the mere proposition of its general applicability, to the assumption of its governance over cannabis based pharmacotherapy without ever offering any clear justification for this evolution. Perhaps not surprisingly, the term has also gained traction at large and is commonly referenced in both the popular press and marijuana focused publications where its value is championed with even less qualification than in the scientific literature [8,9,10,11]. Of interest is the fact that in each of the cited examples, including feature articles from CNN, WIRED, Leafly, and High Times magazine, reference is made to the same 2011 paper entitled ‘Taming THC: potential cannabis synergy and phytocannabinoid-terpenoid entourage effects’ in which expectations of the modern cannabis EE are laid out with enthusiasm [5].
Cancer prevention and treatment using combination therapy with natural compounds
Published in Expert Review of Clinical Pharmacology, 2020
Terpenoids, also know as isoprenoids, are the largest group of natural compounds that play a variety of roles in many plants. Both steroids and sterols are triterpenoids. All terpenoids are synthesized from two five carbon building blocks, includingmonoterpenes (C10), sequiterpenes (C15), diterpenes (C20), sesterterpenes (C25), triterpenes (C30), tetraterpenes (C40) and polyterpenes [66]. Triterpenoids are found in seaweed, in the wax-like coating of fruits such as apples, cranberries and figs, and in a variety of medicinal herbs [66]. Triterpenoids are synthesized in plants by the cyclization of squalene [67]. The antitumor efficacy of plant derived triterpenoids has been demonstrated in animal models of melanoma [68]. In addition to triterpenoids found in nature, triterpenoids have been synthesized by structural modification of natural compounds to optimize bioactivity. Some of the synthetic compounds appear to have potent anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic properties [69]. The triterpenoid oleanolic acid is a medicinal herb that reportedly has hepatoprotective effects when administered at low doses, but high doses can cause cholestasis and hepatotoxicity [70]. Several hundred synthetic triterpenoids based on oleanolic acid have been synthesized, some with potent antiinflammatory and antiproliferative effects [66].