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Aromatic Medicine
Published in Anil K. Sharma, Raj K. Keservani, Surya Prakash Gautam, Herbal Product Development, 2020
Sakshi Bajaj, Himangini Bansal
Isoprene is utilized by plants to produce terpenes, molecules made from two or more isoprenes, and terpenoids, terpenes that have slight chemical alterations, particularly terpene alcohols. Terpenes and terpenoids are the synthetic compounds responsible for many plant smells and flavors. The carbon skeleton of terpenoids are distinct into five carbon isoprene (2-methyl-1,3-butadiene) units. Consequently, terpenoids are additionally mentioned as isoprenoids.
Crocus sativus and the Prized Commodity, Saffron
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Jeffrey John Deakin, Raymond Cooper
Terpenes are a huge and varied class of hydrocarbons that make up a majority of plant resins and saps. Terpenes are made up of multiples of isoprene molecules. Isoprene is an alkene having the molecular formula, CH2:C(CH3).CH:CH2, which has two carbon–carbon double bonds within a short five-carbon chain.
Terpenes and Terpenoids
Published in William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel, Reversibility of Chronic Disease and Hypersensitivity, Volume 4, 2017
William J. Rea, Kalpana D. Patel
Isoprene is a common structural motif in biological systems. The isoprenoids (e.g., the carotenes are tetraterpenes) are derived from isoprene. Also derived from isoprene are phytol, retinol (vitamin A), tocopherol (vitamin E), dolichols, and squalene. Heme A has an isoprenoid tail, and lanosterol, a sterol precursor in animals, is derived from squalene and hence from isoprene. The functional isoprene units in biological systems DMADP and its isomer IDP are used in the biosynthesis of naturally occurring isoprenoids such as carotenoids, quinones, lanosterol derivatives (e.g., steroids), and the parental chains of certain compounds (e.g., phytol chain or chlorophyll). We frequently have to use interdermal neutralization for some of these substances, such as vitamins A and E.
Lessons learned from the discovery and development of the sesquiterpene lactones in cancer therapy and prevention
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Israa A. Cheikh, Chirine El-Baba, Ali Youssef, Najat A. Saliba, Akram Ghantous, Nadine Darwiche
Sesquiterpene lactones (SLs) constitute a large class of plant-derived natural products. Due to their high chemical diversity and biochemical specificity, SLs hold promise in drug discovery and development. They are exclusively isolated from the Asteraceae flowering plant family, but can also be found in Apiaceae, Magnoliaceae, and Lauraceae families. SLs are colorless, lipophilic, and bitter in taste with low molecular weights [5]. A 15-carbon atom skeleton constitutes the basis of their chemical structure which is composed of three cyclical isoprene structures, one of which is a five-membered (γ) lactone group (cyclic ester) [6]. Based on their carboxylic skeleton, type, and position of substituents, SLs can be classified into the following major subfamilies: germacranolides (with a ten-membered ring), guaianolides, pseudoguaianolides and eudesmanolides (with 6/6-bicyclic rings) [7]. SL-rich plants were traditionally used to treat inflammation, fever, and bacterial infections [5]. SL research witnessed a thrive following the discovery of artemisinin, a well-known SL that resulted in a fundamental shift in antimalarial research and drug development [8]. As a result, SLs from diverse subfamilies were discovered to possess potent antitumor activities and promising anticancer treatment modalities [7].
The potential of volatile organic compound analysis for pathogen detection and disease monitoring in patients with cystic fibrosis
Published in Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine, 2022
Anton Barucha, Renan M. Mauch, Franziska Duckstein, Carlos Zagoya, Jochen G. Mainz
Five studies aimed to assess the use of VOC analysis for detecting pulmonary exacerbations [23,28,37–39]. McGrath et al. used TD-GC-MS to assess isoprene levels as a marker of oxidative stress in exhaled breath of 12 pwCF and 12 non-CF healthy controls at two different time points, namely hospitalization due to lung infection exacerbation and after 2 weeks of a specific antibiotic treatment. Seven out of 12 pwCF were chronically infected with Bcc and five were chronically infected with P. aeruginosa. Exhaled breath samples were collected in 60 L gas sampling bags at 10:00 h and subsequently analyzed for isoprene concentration. Unexpectedly, isoprene levels decreased significantly during exacerbation and increased after antibiotic treatment. The authors conclude that isoprene is not a suitable biomarker for oxidative stress monitoring [37].
The beneficial effects of Ganoderma lucidum on cardiovascular and metabolic disease risk
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2021
Sze Wa Chan, Brian Tomlinson, Paul Chan, Christopher Wai Kei Lam
Terpenes are a large and diverse group of naturally occurring compounds derived from the branched C5 carbon skeleton of isoprene. Triterpenes are a subclass of terpenes and are derived from squalene, a C30 hydrocarbon (Abdullah et al. 2012). They can be classified based on the number of cyclic structures making up the compounds. Up to now, more than 150 triterpenes have been identified from the spores, fruiting bodies, and mycelia of G. lucidum (Xia et al. 2014; Baby et al. 2015). The methods of extraction of triterpenes usually involve methanol, ethanol, chloroform, ether, acetone, or a mixture of these solvents. The extracts can be further purified by various separation methods such as normal and reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) (Chen et al. 1999). The majority of triterpenes identified are ganoderic acids and lucidenic acids; other important triterpenes include ganodermic acids, ganoderals, and ganoderiols (Wachtel-Galor et al. 2011). The strong bitterness of G. lucidum originates from the triterpenoid compounds and the bitterness depends on the strain, cultivation conditions and manufacturing processes (Seo et al. 2009). Triterpenoids have been reported to exhibit various biological activities including anti-hypertensive, lipid-lowering, anti-acetylcholinesterase, antioxidant, and anticancer activities, etc. (Abdullah et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2017).