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Statistical Modeling of Dynamic Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Published in Vyacheslav Lyubchich, Yulia R. Gel, K. Halimeda Kilbourne, Thomas J. Miller, Nathaniel K. Newlands, Adam B. Smith, Evaluating Climate Change Impacts, 2020
Figures 15.4 and 15.5 show the results of net-GHG farm emission under default and imposed sensitivity analysis ranges. The highest estimated farm emissions are from N2O from manure and CH4 from livestock. Manure N2O emissions are unaffected by all mitigation options, except option 4 where improvements to feed quality have the largest potential to decrease manure N2O emission and reduce effective methane emission days (Nd), where further decreases would be expected according to storage of various type of manure.
Impact of Probiotics on Animal Health
Published in Marcela Albuquerque Cavalcanti de Albuquerque, Alejandra de Moreno de LeBlanc, Jean Guy LeBlanc, Raquel Bedani, Lactic Acid Bacteria, 2020
Sabrina da Silva Sabo, Elías Figueroa Villalobos, Anna Carolina Meireles Piazentin, André Moreni Lopes, Ricardo Pinheiro de Souza Oliveira
Other than the aforementioned applications, probiotics have also been shown positive effect in reducing the negative environmental impact, such as methane emission associated with the ruminant production (Martin et al. 2002); and more recently, it has been proven their interaction with intestinal epithelial cells and their effect on antiviral immunity (Villena et al. 2018). Additionally, the use of probiotics has been shown evidences that they are capable stabilizing the ruminal pH and thus decreasing the risk of acidosis (Ghorbani et al. 2002, Chiquette et al. 2012, Qadis et al. 2014), one of the most important digestive disorder in high producing dairy or beef cattle, varying from acute forms due to lactic acid overload to subacute forms due to the accumulation of volatile fatty acids (Chaucheyras-Durand and Durand 2010).
The environment: our ultimate arbitrator
Published in Théodore H MacDonald, Health, Trade and Human Rights, 2018
It needs to be noted as well that carbon dioxide emissions are not the only thing producing global warming. We could mention methane, produced in small quantities by human flatulence, but in environmentally significant quantities by the same process, by both cattle and termites. The dramatically destructive levels of clearing huge tracts of Brazilian rainforest in order to raise beef cattle for McDonald’s (and other hamburger chains) has significantly elevated methane emissions from cattle, to say nothing of carbon dioxide emissions caused by deforestation.
The rumen microbiome: a crucial consideration when optimising milk and meat production and nitrogen utilisation efficiency
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Chloe Matthews, Fiona Crispie, Eva Lewis, Michael Reid, Paul W. O’Toole, Paul D. Cotter
In high concentrate diets, methane reduction is induced via an increase in propionate which decreases H2. Enteric methane emissions are also influenced by concentrate composition.82 Loss of energy in the ruminant digestive tract is a consequence of the production of methane. Therefore, including feeds which decrease methane production is important to reduce energy loss in the animal. Ruminal methane production represents approximately 2 – 12% of gross energy intake, which could otherwise be used for animal growth or milk production. Lowering emissions would benefit both the environment and the efficiency of livestock production. The interest in feed conversion efficiency is growing due to the need for more animal-derived protein and energy sources as well as minimizing the carbon footprint of the livestock sector.83
Hydrogen cross-feeders of the human gastrointestinal tract
Published in Gut Microbes, 2019
Nick W. Smith, Paul R. Shorten, Eric H. Altermann, Nicole C. Roy, Warren C. McNabb
There have been several attempts to counter the negative health effects related to hydrogen metabolism in the GIT. The simplest interventions are dietary. Longer chain length prebiotics (dietary ingredients that can selectively enhance beneficial components of the indigenous GIT microbiota116) have been shown to produce less gases and at a reduced rate in in vitro fecal cultures compared to short chain prebiotics.117 Moreover, fecal cultures grown with prebiotics such as resistant starch and fructooligosaccharides showed reduced hydrogen sulfide generation.106 If methane reduction in humans becomes a desirable health outcome, then full advantage should also be taken of the results of studies conducted towards lessening the environmental impact of agriculture through reducing methane emissions from ruminants. Knapp et al. reviewed a number of methane-reducing techniques applied in the dairy industry, such as: increasing starch intake in the diet, which may shift bacterial fermentation in the rumen towards a higher propionate production, thus reducing the hydrogen available to methanogens; decreasing the passage time through the GIT, thus inhibiting methanogen population growth; and biological controls such as immunization, which directly target methanogens.118 Supplementing the diets of methanogenic humans with sulfate has been shown to reduce methanogenesis in half of the individuals tested, although whether this effect would last longer than the 10 days of the trial was not investigated.84 There have also been experiments in which acetogens have been used to reduce the formation of methane in the rumen or in vitro, but with limited success.119,120 Whether such techniques will be necessary or effective in the human GIT is yet to be determined.