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Host-Parasite Relationships
Published in Julius P. Kreier, Infection, Resistance, and Immunity, 2022
In practice the categories into which host-parasite relationships have been divided are somewhat arbitrary and grade one into the other. This is as one should expect, as host-parasite relationships are subject to and are the results of evolution, and at any given time transformation from one relationship to another may not be complete. Evolution toward mutual interdependence between host and parasite has been realized to a remarkable degree in some instances. As a result of evolutionary change, for example, some mutualistic relationships have become so intimate that the members of the pair are no longer considered separate individuals. This is the case with chloroplasts and the plant cells in which they occur, and with the mitochondria inhabiting plant and animal cells.
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Another characteristic of plants is the presence of a number of chloroplasts in cells. Chloroplasts are organelles named plastids found exclusively in plant and algal cells for the major conversion of the sun’s radiation energy to chemical energy-rich molecules that is usable by organisms – like solar panels. A chloroplast is a green plastid that contains chlorophylls and is responsible for light-powered photosynthetic reactions and carbon assimilation in the plant cell (6, 13–14).
Bioactive Compounds in Marine Macro Algae and Their Role in Pharmacological Applications
Published in Parimelazhagan Thangaraj, Phytomedicine, 2020
Subramaniam Kalidass, Lakshmanan Ranjith, Palavesam Arunachalam, Amarnath Mathan Babu, Karuppasamy Kaviarasan
There are three major forms of pigments, i.e., carotenoids, chlorophylls, and phycobiliproteins that are found in seaweed pigments. Carotenoids, in the form of organic pigments, are present in chromoplasts and chloroplasts (Wijesinghe and Jeon 2012). These pigments are common in nature and available in the marine algae, plants, fungi, and some of the bacteria (Liaua et al. 2010; Li and Kim 2011). The three main groups, such as β-carotene, fucoxanthin, and tocopherol play a significant part in carotenoids. The fucoxanthin has the total carotenoid content of about 70% and β-carotene substance, which are present in the values of 36 to 4500 mg/kg from the algal dry mass (Holdt and Kraan 2011). The carotenoid pigment is mainly composed of polyenes that are soluble in lipids, and many types of carotenoids that are available in different algal species are powerful anti-oxidants. The properties of these pigments have the capacity to reduce singlet oxygen and scavenge free radicals (Li and Kim 2011). The water soluble pigments are found in the cyanobacteria that produce the phycobiliproteins and crypto-monads (Mihova et al. 1996), and they hold a total algal dry weight of a few percent.
Differential gene expression in chronically irradiated herbaceous species from the Chernobyl exclusion zone
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Ekaterina M. Shesterikova, Vladimir S. Bondarenko, Polina Yu. Volkova
TIP1 is one of the main genes controlling water content in plant cells. It encodes a channel protein involved in the control of cell water content and is likely associated with catalase activity (Schüssler et al. 2008). The role of aquaporins in the regulation of photosynthesis also has been studied. Water entering the chloroplast through aquaporins is photolyzed into oxygen and undergoes a series of reactions to convert light energy to chemical energy (Gautam and Pandey 2021). In our study, we observed a significant increase in the transcriptional activity of the TIP1 homolog at the radioactively contaminated plots K (compared to both B and L) and M (compared to L), and this overlaps with the data on the CAB1 homolog related to the photosynthetic activity. A significant decrease in the transcriptional activity of the TIP1 homolog at the radioactively contaminated plot R (Table 5) may be associated with the synergistic effect of additional abiotic stress—drought.
Prolonged oral antimicrobial administration prevents doxorubicin-induced loss of active intestinal stem cells
Published in Gut Microbes, 2022
Breanna J Sheahan, Casey M Theriot, Jocsa E. Cortes, Christopher M Dekaney
All analysis was performed in Rstudio (version 1.3.959; R version 4.0.4), using the R package DADA2 (version 1.16.0)34 for quality control and trimming, and the R packages phyloseq (version 1.32.0)35 and DESeq2 (version 1.28.1)36 for analysis, and the R package ggplot2 (version 3.3.3)37 for graphical representation. Reads were assessed for quality control, trimmed to remove low quality sequences and primer sequences, and aligned to a 16S rRNA reference taxonomic database (Silva version 138.1).38 Silva v138.1 is based on the Genome Taxonomy Database (GTDB).39 All low prevalence phyla (present in 0–1 samples), taxa in the Order Chloroplast, and taxa in the Family Mitochondria were removed but no other preprocessing (rarefication or normalization) was performed prior to analysis.40 Chloroplast and Mitochondria taxa were filtered out as they likely represent plant sequences in the diet. Total reads obtained from feces and from jejunal contents are graphically represented in Supplemental Figure 4a and 4b. Alpha diversity was evaluated in all samples by Shannon diversity, which weights the number of bacterial species by their relative evenness. Beta diversity, or the similarity between samples, was evaluated with a weighted UniFrac metric to determine the distance between samples and Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) ordination plot was used to visualize the data. AMBx treatment resulted in overabundance of a few phyla so the weighted UniFrac metric was used, which takes into account the abundance of the OTUs.
Trace elements concentration in soil and plant within the vicinity of abandoned tanning sites in Bangladesh: an integrated chemometric approach for health risk assessment
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Md. Saiful Islam, Tapos Kormoker, Mohini Mazumder, Suraia Easnur Anika, Md. Towhidul Islam, Debolina Halder Hemy, Ummah Salma Mimi, Ram Proshad, Md. Humayun Kabir, Abubakr M. Idris
The concentrations of essential and toxic elements (mg/kg dw) in different plant parts are summarized in Table 2. A considerable variation of essential and toxic elements were observed among the plant parts and sampling locations. Leaves have been reported to have higher concentration of essential and toxic elements than tubers and stems (Zhao and Duo 2015), this is because the roots may act as a protective barrier for the movement (translocation) of elements into stem and leaves of plants (Liu et al. 2009). However, the present study reported a higher concentration of essential and toxic elements in leaves than tubers (roots) and stems. Generally, the concentration of essential and toxic elements among the plant parts decreased in the order of leaves > tubers > stem (Table 2). The average concentrations of essential and toxic elements in all vegetable samples were in the following decreasing order: Fe > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ni > Mn > Pb > As > Cd. All photosynthetic activities occur in the chloroplast of plants. Iron is an essential element in photosynthetic processes (Sulaiman and Hamzah 2018). The green part of leaves is usually made up of chloroplast which makes up a green pigment (chlorophyll), and as such high Fe accumulation is expected in plant leaves. Photosynthetic process such as photo-transpiration are said to accelerate the concentration of Fe in the leaves (Frossard et al. 2000).