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Understanding the Interaction of Nanoparticles at the Cellular Interface
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
The Golgi apparatus is a vital organelle as it plays a crucial role in protein processing. The organelle functions as an integral unit in a cell because of its shape. Any anomaly in the condition of the Golgi apparatus is known to cause abnormalities in the cell. Once inside the cell, NPs interact with various cell organelles, one of which is the Golgi apparatus. Ma et al. have conducted a study to identify the effects of gold NPs on the Golgi apparatus [54]. Interestingly, gold NPs (50 nm) in normal rat kidney epithelial cells (NRK Line) have disrupted the calcium level inside the cell leading to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. The calcium ion concentration in cell organelles plays a crucial role in maintaining organelle function and structure. Similarly, the Golgi apparatus’s configuration changed from the familiar ribbon-like design into mini stacks, which were not linked or aligned. To study the Golgi apparatus’s functioning, mannosidase II and Galactosyltransferase were selected, and cells treated with gold NPs showed a significant decrease in their production. Cluster analysis of genes expressed in control and section treated with gold NPs showed substantial expression patterns. There is a change in the regulation of integrin-mediated cellular adhesion, which plays a crucial role in cell-extracellular matrix adhesion.
Neuromuscular Physiology
Published in Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan, Strength and Conditioning in Sports, 2023
Michael H. Stone, Timothy J. Suchomel, W. Guy Hornsby, John P. Wagle, Aaron J. Cunanan
The muscle fiber is surrounded by the sarcolemma (see below) and contains the sarcoplasm (cytoplasm) of muscle cells, a semifluid made up of water, minerals, proteins, and several other substances. Suspended in the sarcoplasm are various organelles, which are subcellular structures that can have one or multiple specific functions. Organelles include nuclei, mitochondria, cytoskeletal and cytotubular network systems, Golgi bodies, glycogen granules, lipid vacuoles, etc. Generally, muscle cell proteins can be grouped into four categories: (i) granules plus an organelle, (ii) stroma and sarcolemmal, (iii) myofibrillar, and (iv) sarcoplasmic (80, 125, 127). The spaces between myofibrils contain the sarcoplasmic proteins and include myoglobin and glycolytic enzymes.
Microbiology
Published in Karl H. Pang, Nadir I. Osman, James W.F. Catto, Christopher R. Chapple, Basic Urological Sciences, 2021
Katherine Belfield, Roger Bayston
Bacteria synthesise enzymes and other proteins, including toxins.Transported out of the cell through phospholipid membrane(s).Other enzymes are also synthesised to control DNA replication.Most syntheses are carried out in ribosomes — protein synthesis organelles consisting mainly of RNA.These syntheses are major targets for common antibiotics (Figures 4.3 and 4.4).
Bazi Bushen capsule attenuates cognitive deficits by inhibiting microglia activation and cellular senescence
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Chuanyuan Ji, Cong Wei, Mengnan Li, Shuang Shen, Shixiong Zhang, Yunlong Hou, Yiling Wu
Neurons are the main components of brain tissue, which exchange information by receiving, integrating, conducting and outputting information. Nissl bodies are plaque-like or granular substances present in neurons. They are composed of a large number of rough endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes, which mainly synthesize proteins required for the renewal of organelles. Nissl bodies can be used as a marker of neuronal functional status. The Nissl bodies undergo decrease, loss and dissolution in an injured neuron. Nissl bodies can increase and return to normal levels in the recovery from neuronal injury (Kaufmann et al. 2012). The current study showed that BZBS can protect against neuronal damage and ameliorate the cognitive deficits in d-gal-induced ageing mice (Figure 4(C,D)).
Testing efficacy of the nicotine protection of the substantia nigra pars compacta in a rat Parkinson disease model. Ultrastructure study
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2022
S A M Elgayar, Ola A Hussein, Heba A Mubarak, Amany M Ismaiel, Asmaa M.S. Gomaa
In group I, astrocytes revealed pale nuclei that are usually regular in shape and surrounded by a scanty cytoplasm that is generally less electron dense than that of neurons (Figure 6A). Their cytoplasm contains few organelles including elongated mitochondria, free ribosomes, and scanty endoplasmic reticulum, glycogen granules and bundles of intermediate filaments. Oligodendrocytes generally possess dark nuclei with condensed chromatin and their somata usually make direct contact with the neurons (Figure 6B). Microglia are either perivascular or parenchymal in position. They possess small heterochromatic nuclei surrounded by scanty dense cytoplasm with long thick processes (Figure 6C). Their somata are always separated from those of the neurons by astrocytic processes.
Analysis of the acrylamide in breads and evaluation of mitochondrial/lysosomal protective agents to reduce its toxicity in vitro model
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Ahmad Salimi, Rafat Pashaei, Shahab Bohlooli, Mehrdad Vaghar-Moussavi, Jalal Pourahmad
Lysosomes are the acidic organelles for recycling defective cellular and degradation materials and enable an optimal physicochemical environment for enzymatic activities, which need to be controlled (Pascua-Maestro et al.2017). Presently, documented functions like immune response, cell death, plasma membrane repair, energy, and nutrient sensing and secretion, reveal the importance of lysosomes in controlling fine decisions in the life of a cell (Xu and Ren 2015). Environmental tensions such as oxidative damages and ROS generation can damage lysosomal membranes and lead to membrane permeabilization. Usual function of lysosomes depends on intraluminal acidic pH and needs constant membrane-dependent proton gradients (Johansson et al.2010). Chloroquine agent prevents endosomal acidification. This drug accumulates inside the acidic parts of the cell, including lysosomes and endosomes. This accumulation leads to inhibition of lysosomal enzymes that require an acidic pH, and prevents fusion of endosomes and lysosomes. Moreover, chloroquine inhibits autophagy as it raises the lysosomal pH, which leads to inhibition of both fusion of autophagosome with lysosome and lysosomal protein degradation (Choi et al.2013). Our results showed that acrylamide induces lysosomal damages in human lymphocytes that their damage is prevented by chloroquine.