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The cell and tissues
Published in Peate Ian, Dutton Helen, Acute Nursing Care, 2020
The cytoskeleton is significant in maintaining cell shape and, as a consequence, ensuring that the cell has sufficient volume to remain adequately hydrated. As humans age, connective tissue protein production decreases, reducing the volume of the cell. This can be extremely significant in situations where patients are sitting or lying in one position for a period of time, as the cell can be more easily damaged, which can lead to the production of pressure ulcers. This is a particular problem in the very ill and malnourished and those with significantly reduced mobility (NPUAP/EPUAP/PPPIA 2014).
Structural Organization of the Liver
Published in Robert G. Meeks, Steadman D. Harrison, Richard J. Bull, Hepatotoxicology, 2020
The cytoskeletal system consists of the microtubules and three different types of filaments: actin, myosin, and intermediate filaments. It is well established that virtually all nonmuscle cells have homologous cytoskeletal components so that much of what has been learned about the basic principles of cytoskeletal structure and function in nonmuscle cells is applicable to the hepatocyte (Phillips and Satir, 1988). Microtubules are long hollow, flexible tubules, about 24 nm in diameter, comprised of subunits of tubulin molecules that exist in a dynamic state of equilibrium with monomeric or oligomeric tubulin. Microtubules determine the distribution of intermediate filaments and are responsible for establishing and maintaining cell polarity. They are also implicated in the transport mechanism for secretory granules and their discharge from the cell. Microtubular functions may be impaired by colchicine, vinblastine, or vincristine which inhibit the formation of microtubules (Alberts et al., 1983; Soifer, 1986).
Disease Prediction and Drug Development
Published in Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam, Introduction to Computational Health Informatics, 2019
Arvind Kumar Bansal, Javed Iqbal Khan, S. Kaisar Alam
Programmed cell-death is the automated death of an inactive cell. There are two types of cell-death: apoptosis and autophagy. Apoptosis occurs due to the lack of survival-factors. Autophagy is a natural degradation that disassembles dysfunctional components. Cytoskeleton gives a cell its shape and facilitates its movement using protein fibers. Extracellular matrix pathways are involved in cell-binding, cell-migration, proliferation and differentiation. The extracellular matrix is made of proteoglycans, water, minerals and fibrous proteins. Proteoglycans have a protein core surrounded by long chains of glycosaminoglycans – a starch like molecule. Angiogenesis is the formation of new blood-vessels. Epigenetic is the heritable changes caused by gene-expression variations with no change in genome sequence.
Data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry reveals comprehensive plasma protein profiles in the natural history of patients with hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis (ATTRv)
Published in Expert Review of Proteomics, 2023
Shan He, XinYue He, RuoKai Pan, LuRong Pan, Xiaoying Lv, YuTong Jin, Yue Fan, YuTong Wang, Zhuang Tian, ShuYang Zhang
GO enrichment analysis is shown in Figure 2, and the top 10 GO function entries were identified based on their significance represented by –log10 p values in the three GO types. Figure 2a shows 30 DEPs between the ATTRv-PN and control groups. GO enrichment analysis showed that cornification, keratinization, phagocytosis, and programmed cell death were the most significant biological processes. Intermediate filaments, intermediate filament cytoskeletons, keratin filaments, and polymeric cytoskeletal fibers were the most significant cellular components. The structural constituents of the skin epidermis, hormone activity, and receptor regulator activity were the most significant molecular functions. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis (Figure 2b) showed the estrogen signaling pathway and cell adhesion molecule (CAM) pathway as the two pathways with a higher number of differentially expressed proteins and more reliable enrichment significance in ATTRv-PN.
Nestin and CD34 expression in colorectal cancer predicts improved overall survival
Published in Acta Oncologica, 2021
Athanasios Tampakis, Benjamin Weixler, Silvan Rast, Ekaterini-Christina Tampaki, Eleonora Cremonesi, Venkatesh Kancherla, Nadia Tosti, Christoph Kettelhack, Charlotte K. Y. Ng, Tarik Delko, Savas D. Soysal, Urs von Holzen, Evangelos Felekouras, Nikolaos Nikiteas, Martin Bolli, Luigi Tornillo, Luigi Terracciano, Serenella Eppenberger-Castori, Giulio C. Spagnoli, Salvatore Piscuoglio, Markus von Flüe, Silvio Däster, Raoul A. Droeser
The cytoskeleton of eukaryotic cells consist of three major filamentous components: actin, microtubules, and intermediate filament proteins [8]. Nestin belongs to class VI of intermediate filament proteins identified initially in neuroepithelial stem cells [9]. Substantial in vitro and in vivo information suggests the presence of nestin in cells with stem cell properties [8]. More specifically, tumor cells expressing nestin harbor aggressive clinical features as demonstrated in a variety of malignant tumors of diverse histological origin, including brain (gliomas) [10], breast [11] (triple-negative cancers – regulator of Wnt/β catenin pathway), liver (hepatocellular carcinoma) [12], kidney [13] (cancer stem cell subpopulation in renal cell carcinoma), and prostate [14] (carcinoma initiating stem cells). In some of these tumors, nestin expression correlates with resistance to conventional therapy [8]. Moreover, a possible positive feedback mechanism for tumor neovascularization between nestin-positive cancer cells and endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels has been suggested [8]. Besides, nestin-positive cells in healthy tissues might act as reserve participating in tissue repair processes such as those taking place after focal cerebral ischemia and unilateral ureteral obstruction [8].
Cell-cell junctions: structure and regulation in physiology and pathology
Published in Tissue Barriers, 2021
Mir S. Adil, S. Priya Narayanan, Payaningal R. Somanath
The zona occludens (ZO) family includes ZO-1, ZO-2, and ZO-3, which contain three PDZ domains (PDZ1, PDZ2, PDZ3) belong to the membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) family.75 ZO-1 was the first identified TJ protein in the year 1986.33 It is a scaffolding protein that provides the structural basis for the assembly of multiprotein complexes at the cytoplasmic surface of intercellular junctions.76 Besides, it connects the integral membrane proteins with the filamentous cytoskeleton.21 The knockout of ZO-1 was shown to be lethal for mouse embryos around the mid-gestation period.21,76 ZO-2 is another ZO protein that is reported to be involved in cell growth and proliferation.21 The indirect interaction of ZO proteins with the cytoskeleton involves several actin-binding proteins including cortactin, alpha-catenin, protein 4.1 R, the Ras target AF6/afadin as well as the actin- and myosin-binding proteins cingulin and Shroom.21