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Hepatoprotective Marine Phytochemicals
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
BR Annapoorna, S Vasudevan, K Sindhu, V Vani, V Nivya, VP Venkateish, P Madan Kumar
Chlorophyll is a blue/green color pigment belonging to the class tetrapyrroles, isolated from algae, plants, and cyanobacteria (Pereira et al. 2014). Studies have shown that chlorophyll exerted antioxidant, antiviral, anticancer and antimutagenic properties. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll c, and chlorophyll d are the major types of chlorophyll molecules spread across marine biosystems (Hosikian et al. 2010). Porphyrins, chlorins, bacteriochlorins, pheophorbides, texaphyrins, porphycenes, and phthalocyanines are the major pigments derived from chlorophyll molecules from marine algae and cyanobacteria (Ormond and Freeman 2013). These derivatives also possess various biological activities, such as antibacterial (Alenezi et al. 2017), antioxidant (Lanfer-Marquez et al. 2005) anti-inflammatory (Jelić et al. 2012), antimutagenic (Ferruzzi and Blakeslee 2007), and more.
Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Chlorophylls are unique pigments with green color and are found in the chloroplasts of diverse plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (15). Chlorophyll is a chelate made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms along with a magnesium metal ion in the central position. The whole chemical structure of chlorophyll is a porphyrin (6, 15). The porphyrin of chlorophyll contains four pyrrole-like rings (tetrapyrrole ring) bonded to a magnesium ion via their four nitrogen atoms in a square planar arrangement. Porphyrin structures of chlorophyll molecules are similar to those of hemoglobin and myoglobin in humans and of vitamin B12. The main difference is the presence of an iron ion in the central position of hemoglobin and myoglobin structures, and of a cobalt ion in vitamin B12 (6, 15). The numbers of naturally occurring chlorophylls may not yet be fully known. However, five classes of chlorophylls are well-known, namely a, b, c, d, and f (15). Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main components of photosystems in all photosynthetic organisms (6–7, 15–16). In green plants, most chloroplasts have three times more chlorophyll a than b (7). The green chlorophyll pigments are the source of magnesium, an essential mineral of human cell activity after calcium. Indeed, the consumption of green vegetables containing chlorophylls is indispensable for our health maintenance and for the prevention of some chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases due to their antioxidant activity.
Potential of Piper Germplasm Against Pathogenic Bacteria: Tropical Bay Islands in India
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Durgesh Nandini Chauhan, Assessment of Medicinal Plants for Human Health, 2020
Chinthamani Jayavel, Ajit Arun Waman, Saravanan Kandasamy, Pooja Bohra
Chlorophyll is a vital component for photosynthesis, which is comprised of Chl-a (primary pigment) and Chl-b (accessory pigment). Significant differences were noticed among the samples studied for total chlorophyll content (Table 5.4). In general, total chlorophyll content varied from 0.60 to 6.72 mg/g. Wide variations were noticed among genotypes of P. sarmentosum as the values varied between 0.90 and 6.72 mg/g in this species. In case of Chl-a and Chl-b, P. sarmentosum-4 was found to contain the highest amount of pigments of 3.31 mg/g and 3.42 mg/g, respectively. P. colubrinum-2 was found to contain lowest amount of Chl-a (0.24 mg/g) and Chl-b (0.37 mg/g) among all the genotypes studied. In general, concentration of Chl-b was comparatively higher than that of Chl-a, except in case of P. sarmentosum-1.
Utilization of experimental design in the formulation and optimization of hyaluronic acid–based nanoemulgel loaded with a turmeric–curry leaf oil nanoemulsion for gingivitis
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Amal M. Sindi, Khaled M. Hosny, Waleed Y. Rizg, Fahad Y. Sabei, Osama A. Madkhali, Mohammed Ali Bakkari, Eman Alfayez, Hanaa Alkharobi, Samar A Alghamdi, Arwa A. Banjar, Mohammed Majrashi, Mohammed Alissa
The green leaves of the curry tree, Murraya koenigii, can be eaten as a vegetable and have been shown to have antimicrobial, antinausea, hypoglycemic, antiulcer, antioxidant, apoptotic, and phagocytic properties (Sravani et al., 2015). The chlorophyll in curry leaves has been identified as an antineoplastic agent that also lessens halitosis. Fresh curry leaves can effectively reduce levels of halitosis when chewed for 5 minutes and then rinsed out of the mouth with water, according to experimental tests (Math & Balasubramaniam, 2003). The use of the essential oil from curry leaves for gargling might be beneficial due to its calcium, vitamin C, zinc, and folic acid content. This strengthens the teeth and gums and improves breath freshness. Additionally, its essential oil has antifungal effects and encourages salivation (Nithya et al., 2013).
Andrographolide nanophytosomes exhibit enhanced cellular delivery and pro-apoptotic activities in HepG2 liver cancer cells
Published in Drug Delivery, 2023
Thikryat Neamatallah, Azizah M. Malebari, Abdulmohsin J. Alamoudi, Syed Nazreen, Mohammad Mahboob Alam, Hawazen H. Bin-Melaih, Osama A. Abuzinadah, Shaimaa M. Badr-Eldin, Gharam Alhassani, Lamar Makki, Mohammed Z. Nasrullah
Andrographis paniculata leaves were procured from Delhi, India, and authenticated by Dr. H.B. Singh, taxonomist, NISCAIR, CSIR, New Delhi. Leaves were shade dried and powdered. The extraction of AG was carried out according to the reported method with minor modifications at Al-Baha University, KSA (W-W. Chao & Lin, 2010). The plant powder was cold macerated with dichloromethane:methanol (1:1) overnight and then evaporated under vacuum resulting in a green residue. This residue was treated with a mixture of toluene and petroleum ether to remove chlorophyll. The left residue was then column chromatographed on silica gel using chloroform as a solvent. The AG was obtained at 8% methanol in chloroform. It was crystallized using methanol to afford pure AG (6.5 g). The confirmation was performed by comparing it with the standard andrographolide (98% purity, Sigma Aldrich) and its melting point (lit m.p. 228–229 °C), 1H NMR, 13 C NMR and mass spectrometry available in literature (Du et al., 2003; Akowuah et al., 2006; Syukri et al., 2018).
Evaluation of the optimum threshold of gamma-ray for inducing mutation on Polianthes tuberosa cv. double and analysis of genetic variation with RAPD marker
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Hanifeh Seyed Hajizadeh, Seyed Najmedin Mortazavi, Morteza Ganjinajad, Volkan Okatan, İbrahim Kahramanoğlu
Gamma radiation had a significant effect on leaf chlorophyll. The highest amount of chlorophyll was obtained from controls (1.42 mg g−1 FW) followed by 20 Gy (1.10 mg g−1 FW) and 30 Gy (1.23 mg g−1 FW) (Table 3). The effect of 40 and 50 Gy radiation on the chlorophyll parameters of the flowers was significantly different from that of controls. The chlorophyll content decreased with increasing gamma dosage. The results are in agreement with Mohan Jain (2006) and Wi et al. (2007) who demonstrated that chlorophyll pigment decreased with increasing radiation levels. It seems that photosynthetic pigments are degraded by gamma radiation, which reduces photosynthetic capacity and plant germination rate. On the other hand, free radicals are likely generated inside the irradiated organs which caused to cell degradation and metabolisms, such as imbibition of the thylakoid membrane, and changes in photosynthetic and antioxidative ability (Bertolini et al. 2001). Reduction in chlorophyll in buckwheat mutants showed that chlorophyll biosynthesis decreased as the plants were exposed to gamma radiation, which stimulated the activity of chlorophyllase enzyme, increased chlorophyll decay, and finally decreased photosynthetic activity (Moghaddam et al. 2011). Jia and Li (2008) reported that the photosynthesis of pepper plants decreased in response to the increased levels of gamma radiation. However, no definite result has been observed regarding the effect of γ-irradiation on plant chlorophylls.