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Plant Source Foods
Published in Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy, Food and Lifestyle in Health and Disease, 2022
Chuong Pham-Huy, Bruno Pham Huy
Chlorophylls are unique pigments with green color and are found in the chloroplasts of diverse plants, algae, and cyanobacteria (15). Chlorophyll is a chelate made up of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen atoms along with a magnesium metal ion in the central position. The whole chemical structure of chlorophyll is a porphyrin (6, 15). The porphyrin of chlorophyll contains four pyrrole-like rings (tetrapyrrole ring) bonded to a magnesium ion via their four nitrogen atoms in a square planar arrangement. Porphyrin structures of chlorophyll molecules are similar to those of hemoglobin and myoglobin in humans and of vitamin B12. The main difference is the presence of an iron ion in the central position of hemoglobin and myoglobin structures, and of a cobalt ion in vitamin B12 (6, 15). The numbers of naturally occurring chlorophylls may not yet be fully known. However, five classes of chlorophylls are well-known, namely a, b, c, d, and f (15). Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b are the main components of photosystems in all photosynthetic organisms (6–7, 15–16). In green plants, most chloroplasts have three times more chlorophyll a than b (7). The green chlorophyll pigments are the source of magnesium, an essential mineral of human cell activity after calcium. Indeed, the consumption of green vegetables containing chlorophylls is indispensable for our health maintenance and for the prevention of some chronic diseases such as cancer and cardiovascular diseases due to their antioxidant activity.
Isolation of Chloroplasts for the Study of Oxygen Radical Reactions
Published in Robert A. Greenwald, CRC Handbook of Methods for Oxygen Radical Research, 2018
Chloroplast CO2 fixation rates and enzyme activities are conventionally expressed per milligram of chlorophyll. The chloroplasts of higher plants contain two major types of chlorophyll, known as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. Both of them are included in the calculations.
Carotenoids
Published in Ruth G. Alscher, John L. Hess, Antioxidants in Higher Plants, 2017
Kenneth E. Pallett, Andrew J. Young
Lutein is the major carotenoid component in the chloropast, and is, under most conditions, particularly stable to photooxidative degradation. Chlorophyll a is generally destroyed at a faster rate than chlorophyll b. Taking into account the changes in the xanthophyll cycle pigments, identical patterns of bleaching are seen in vivo and in vitro. This bleaching seen in isolated chloroplasts and thylakoids as a consequence of photoinhibitory conditions can be stimulated in the presence of D20 (which can extend the life time of singlet oxygen up to tenfold), and can be prevented in the presence of ascorbate which acts as an effective scavenger of oxidizing species. An almost identical pattern of pigment loss is seen here as in illuminated control tissues, suggesting that a similar oxidative process, probably involving singlet oxygen is involved.73
Evaluating the role of gamma irradiation to ameliorate salt stress in corn
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2023
Alireza Shaebani Monazam, Mohammad Ali Norouzian, Mehdi Behgar, Azam Borzouei, Hedayat Karimzadeh
The treatment and the time had significantly affected SPAD (Table 1). The results indicated a decreasing trend of greenness over time (Figure 3(a)), which decreased from 16–20 at the V3 (third leaf stage) stage to 6–9 at the R4 stage (dough stage). Furthermore, the greenness was higher in GI treatment than in control in all measurement stages. However, no significant difference was found at the R1 stage (silk stage). Chlorophyll a was significantly affected by treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction (Table 1) so that no significant difference was observed between control and GI treatment at the V3 stage, while the difference at R1 and R4 stages was significant (p < .001) (Figure 3(b)). GI had a higher chlorophyll a content as much as 1, 17, and 29% at V3, R1, and R4 stages, respectively, than control. The treatment, time, and treatment × time interaction significantly affected chlorophyll b content (Table 1). Over time, chlorophyll b showed a decreasing trend in both GI and control conditions (Figure 3(c)), which was statistically the same in both GI and control conditions at the last stage. The effect of treatment and time was significant on total chlorophyll content (Table 1), and the total chlorophyll content was significantly higher in GI treatment at all measurement stages (Figure 3(d)). The total chlorophyll content showed a downward trend in the growing season, which decreased from 48 mg g−1 FW at V3 to 17.5 mg g−1 FW at R4.
Preparation and evaluation of oral self-microemulsifying drug delivery system of Chlorophyll
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2021
Ling Lin, Sajid Asghar, Lin Huang, Ziyi Hu, Qineng Ping, Zhipeng Chen, Feng Shao, Yanyu Xiao
Chlorophyll (Chl), an essential player of photosynthesis in the green leaves of plants [1] that can be extracted from alfalfa, spinach, broccoli, nettle and other plant leaves and silkworm dung [2], is of two types, a and b. Both Chl a and b are very similar in structure, combining a magnesium atom with a porphyrin ring [3]. Since, there is a long-chain hydrocarbon at the end of Chl, the water solubility of Chl is very poor. Researchers have found that chlorophyll b derivatives could be potentially absorbable by enterocytes when investigating the green vegetables and fruits [2]. Current research progress shows that Chl cannot only improve constipation, reduce cholesterol, and ameliorate bad odor but can also serve as anti-aging, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer agent [3–5]. However, Chl is very unstable and is easily decomposed by light, heat, acid, and oxygen [6]. In order to increase the stability and the solubility of Chl, magnesium ions in Chl molecules are usually replaced by copper [7], iron [8], or zinc [9] to yield chlorophyll derivatives. These Chl derivatives have been approved for use in food industry. However, due to presence of heavy metals in these derivatives, their use raises safety concerns. In the recent years, researchers have proposed some encapsulation methods such as liposomes, micelles, and microcapsules for the scalable delivery of the therapeutic moieties [6,10–12].
Extremely low frequency non-uniform magnetic fields induce changes in water relations, photosynthesis and tomato plant growth
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2020
Angel De Souza-Torres, Lilita Sueiro-Pelegrín, Miguel Zambrano-Reyes, Idalberto Macías-Socarras, Mario González-Posada, Dagoberto García-Fernández
Exposure of dry tomato seeds to full-wave rectified sinusoidal non-uniform MFs (120 mT (rms) for 10 min and 80 mT (rms) for 5 min) results in significantly increased root length, plant height, root and shoot dry mass, leaf area per plant, RGRs of roots and shoots in 35-day-old plants grown under greenhouse conditions. This was achieved by increasing LWP, leaf osmotic potential, leaf turgor potential, RWC, net photosynthetic rate, increased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotenoids and total chlorophyll pigments, and decreasing leaf stomatal conductance and transpiration rate. Our results suggest that pre-sowing full-wave rectified sinusoidal non-uniform MF treatment of tomato can improve plant growth through the maintenance of better leaf water status and enhancement of photosynthesis during vegetative growth.