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Archaeosomes for Skin Injuries
Published in Andreia Ascenso, Sandra Simões, Helena Ribeiro, Carrier-Mediated Dermal Delivery, 2017
Monica Vazzana, Joana F. Fangueiro, Caterina Faggio, Antonello Santini, Eliana B. Souto
Triton X-100, sodium chlorate, sodium dodecyl sulfate, chloroform, octyl-b-glucoside, methanol, bile salts, and acidified isopropanol can be used to extract the encapsulated drugs from liposome. It has been shown that cryoprotective agents such as trehalose, sucrose, mannitol, dimethylsulfoxide, and glycerol protect phospholipid bilayers from damage during freeze-drying and freeze-thawing. The protection mechanism by the sugars is to form an amorphous matrix during freezing and exhibiting a low molecular mobility after drying [3].
Antiseptics *
Published in Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach, Dreisbach’s HANDBOOK of POISONING, 2001
Bev-Lorraine True, Robert H. Dreisbach
Sodium chlorate (NaClO3) and potassium chlorate (KCIO3) are frequent ingredients in mouthwashes and gargles and are also used in matches and weed killers. The heads of 20 large wooden matches contain 300 mg. The chlorates are water-soluble and act as strong oxidizing agents, forming explosive mixtures with organic material.
On-Scene Body Assessment
Published in Kevin L. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong, Water-Related Death Investigation, 2021
Kevin l. Erskine, Erica J. Armstrong
Lividity or livor mortis is caused by the gravitational pooling of the blood under the skin when the blood circulation has greatly slowed (heart failure) or ceased (death). It usually appears as a red, blue, or purple discoloration of the dependent regions of the body and can indicate the position of the body prior to and after death. In addition to noting the location of the lividity, it is important to specifically note the color of the lividity. In deaths due to carbon monoxide, cyanide, or fluoroacetate poisoning and hypothermia, the lividity may appear bright pink or cherry red. The lividity in refrigerated or cold bodies may have a similar appearance. The lividity in deaths resulting from hydrogen sulfide, sodium chlorate, or inorganic nitrite poisoning may appear brown. There will be blanching (focal absence of the lividity created by compression of the skin) where the body contacts a surface or object, and any texture or pattern of a surface or object will be transferred to the skin’s surface as an impression (Figure 3.6A and B). Lividity may be misinterpreted as bruising and may even mask true bruising. It may be inapparent in dark-skinned individuals upon external examination but will be apparent to the pathologist upon inspection of the internal organs and undersurface of the scalp as these structures can exhibit the same kind of dependent pooling of blood. Lividity may be absent in drowning due to the water pressure exerted on the body, or if present, it may be difficult to interpret because of its blotchy, uneven distribution. Lividity may be very light or not visible in individuals who have lost a large amount of blood due to injury or who are anemic.
Acute inhalation toxicity of aerosolized electrochemically generated solution of sodium hypochlorite
Published in Inhalation Toxicology, 2022
Bohdan Murashevych, Dmitry Girenko, Hanna Maslak, Dmytro Stepanskyi, Olha Abraimova, Olha Netronina, Petro Zhminko
The chemical composition of studied solution was analyzed immediately before the experiment of inhalation toxicity study. Determination of active chlorine content has been carried using standard iodometric titration in acetic acid (Williams 1979). Determination of sodium chlorate content has been carried out using the specially developed technique of potentiometric titration (Girenko et al. 2019). The determined minimum of chlorate ions is 2 mg/L with an error of 5%. The expanded uncertainty of chlorate determination did not exceed 0.6 mg/L. Determination of chlorite ions content has been carried out via the standard method of iodometric titration in the medium of 2 М H2SO4 (Williams 1979). The absence of chlorite ions in the test solution is because of the rapid reaction of its oxidation to chlorate ion in an excess of hypochlorite ion (Siddiqui 1996).
Cellular assays and applied technologies for characterisation of orally administered protein nanoparticles: a systematic review
Published in Journal of Drug Targeting, 2020
Chun Y. Wong, Hani. Al-Salami, Crispin R. Dass
Desulphurisation is also responsible for cellular uptake of protein-loaded nanoparticles. Sodium chlorate is an inhibitor of glycosaminoglycan sulphation that can eliminate the negatively-charged sites on the apical membrane of cells, resulting in a fall of electrostatic interaction between cationic protein-loaded nanoparticles and glycocalyx on the anionic cell membrane [12]. In HT-29 cells, positively-charged nanoparticles including insulin trimethyl-chitosan nanoparticle [12], insulin ALB nanoparticles [29] and insulin EGP nanoparticles relied on desulphurisation for cellular internalisation and therapeutic proteins permeation. In the meanwhile, adsorption-mediated endocytosis has been investigated by insulin TMC-PLGA nanoparticles [22]. When protamine was co-incubated with the protein-loaded nanoparticles, the cellular internalisation of therapeutic proteins was reduced by 38.5%. Compared to conventional insulin PLGA nanoparticles, trimethyl-chitosan conjugation offered alternative endocytic pathway and facilitated internalisation of nanoparticles.