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Species Invasions in Freshwater Ecosystems
Published in Kezia Barker, Robert A. Francis, Routledge Handbook of Biosecurity and Invasive Species, 2021
Robert A. Francis, Michael A. Chadwick
Chemical control can be effective in some instances; for example, Britton and Brazier (2006) reported eradication of topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva) from a UK fishery following repeated use of rotenone. Success using chemicals is usually achieved where waterbodies are small and relatively isolated, but even so chemical control has limitations. Many herbicides and pesticides are not target specific and therefore can have undesired environmental impacts, especially given the connected nature of freshwater ecosystems. Getting the right concentration of chemicals to ensure efficacy (yet hopefully avoiding substantial wider impacts) can be difficult; for plants especially, treated plants may develop resistance to herbicides (Getsinger et al., 2008).
Sources of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Chlodwig Franz, Johannes Novak
In contrast to organic production, where no use of pesticides is permitted, a small number of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides are approved for conventional herb production. The number, however, is very restricted (end of 2008 several active substances lost registration at least in Europe), and limits for residues can be found in national law and international regulations, for example, the European Pharmacopoeia. For essential oils, mainly the lipophilic substances are of relevance since they can be enriched over the limits in the oil.
Manufacturing pollen and fungal extracts
Published in Richard F. Lockey, Dennis K. Ledford, Allergens and Allergen Immunotherapy, 2020
Robert E. Esch, Rosa Codina, Fernando Pineda, Ricardo Palacios
In the United States, the use of products for pest control (including herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides) is regulated by the EPA, according to the directions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) to reinforce regulations regarding pesticide use in this country. In Europe, analogous regulations are managed by the European Commission, European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), European Chemical Agency (ECHA) in cooperation with the European Union Member States. In addition, the European Pharmacopoeia establishes the limits of pesticides for pharmaceutical products according to general and individual monographs [70–72].
Enhanced fluorescent sensing probe via PbS quantum dots functionalized with gelatin for sensitive determination of toxic bentazon in water samples
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2022
Farzaneh Marahel, Leila Niknam
Herbicides are classes of agricultural pesticides for products that improve in quality Salman and Hameed (2010). Toxic bentazon is the common name for the herbicide 3-isopropyl-1H-2,1,3-benzothiadiazin-4-(3H)-one 2, 2-dioxide and is used as a post-emergence herbicide to control broadleaf and sedges in agriculture beans, rice, corn, peanuts, and mint Fuhrmann et al. (2014); Mir et al. (2014). It is a contact toxic herbicide, which means that it only functions in the part of the plant where it is applied and its activity is short-lived Bruzzoniti et al. (2016); Hedegaard et al. (2018). Since toxic bentazon is the widely applied herbicide, monitoring and determination of bentazon in ground and surface waters and in cultivated areas where it is used are of high significance. GC and LC methods Guan et al. (2010). HPLC Pinto and Jardim (1999); Takla et al. (2020), and LC-ESI-MS/MS Cho et al. (2017), were used for the determination of bentazon. All these determinations were time-consuming and required expensive chemicals, equipment, and sample preparation.
Atrazine neural and reproductive toxicity
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2022
Hamidreza Sadeghnia, Sara Shahba, Alireza Ebrahimzadeh-Bideskan, Shabnam Mohammadi, Amir Mohammad Malvandi, Abbas Mohammadipour
Today, herbicides are among the world's leading environmental pollutants contaminating ecosystems. Atrazine is one of the oldest (introduced in 1957) and the most overly used herbicide worldwide and extensively used to control grasses and broad-leaved weeds (Fang et al. 2018). This herbicide belongs to the family of 6-chloro-s-triazine herbicides and functions by binding to the plastoquinone binding protein in photosystem II, which results in starvation and oxidative damage and, finally, plant death (Demirci et al. 2018). Atrazine's chemical structure is stable and has low chemical reactivity. Thereby, it can persist in the soil, resulting in its accumulation in ground and surface water (Frank and Sirons 1985). This widely used herbicide is traceable at 21 ppb in groundwater, 42 ppb in surface water, 102 ppb in rivers adjacent to agricultural fields, and up to 224 ppb in Midwestern streams (Foradori et al. 2009, Houjuan et al. 2015).
Transmission electron microscopic analysis of glyphosate induced cytotoxicity and its attenuation by N-acetyl-L-cysteine in caprine testicular germ cells in vitro
Published in Ultrastructural Pathology, 2021
Jitender Kumar Bhardwaj, Vijay Kumar, Harish Panchal, Som Nath Sachdeva
The causes may differ in various worldwide locations, but there is no question that the world’s sapiens population has reached unprecedented levels, posing a significant challenge to meet their energy needs, which is primarily dependent on agriculture and the livestock industry.1 Pesticides have led to substantial improvements in crop yields as well as in the quantity and diversity of food available.2 Among various pesticides, the herbicides emerged out as a cost-effective and efficient tool for controlling weeds and thus ultimately in augmenting gross crop production.3 As reported in various literature studies that pesticides are responsible for causing various health-threatening effects (birth defects, immune system alteration, lungs, etc.), among which reproductive potency is altered reasonably from these agrochemicals in both developing as well as in developed countries.2 The organophosphates (OPs) pesticides are neurotoxic substances that assault central nervous systems (CNS) by blocking acetylcholinesterase, resulting in severe mammalian toxicity that can be fatal.4 Andersen (2002) 5 and Eskenazi (2007) 6 with coworkers have reported that OPs pesticides are also responsible for developmental toxicity, respiratory toxicity, neurotoxicity, and most importantly, endocrine toxicity. Chemicals, agents, or a physical condition that causes the male and female reproductive systems to malfunction might be classified as reproductive toxicants.7,8