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Hierarchical Modeling and Aggregation
Published in Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine, Bayesian Applications in Environmental and Ecological Studies with R and Stan, 2023
Song S. Qian, Mark R. DuFour, Ibrahim Alameddine
Using the atrazine data, we estimate the fraction of systems with mean atrazine concentrations exceeding the current maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 3 μg/L in each of the 10 source water-size strata (Table 6.3). In addition to EPA's MCL, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sets an acute exposure limit of 1 μg/L, the World Health organization's (WHO) guideline for atrazine in drinking water is 2 μg/L, and Switzerland's (CHE) drinking water is 0.1 μg/L. The replacement method yielded a wide range and the mid-level estimates are uniformly above the respective BHM estimates (Table 6.3).
Taking risks or taking a stand
Published in Alan Hall, The Subjectivities and Politics of Occupational Risk, 2020
You have to be careful with atrazine (pesticide). People have different sensitivities. My Dad didn’t like it. I didn’t like the smell and if you get it in your eyes it stings like hell. But it does control a bunch of things, not just one thing. The cost was just too critical not to use it.
Agrochemicals: A Brief Overview
Published in Dongyou Liu, Handbook of Foodborne Diseases, 2018
Atrazine is an herbicide of the family of triazines, extensively used for control of broad-leaf weeds and certain grasses (37). Their herbicidal action is due to inhibition of photosynthesis, a process unique to plants (11,37), and all triazines have low acute oral and dermal mammalian toxicity (LD50 = 1–2 g/kg). Animal studies have suggested that atrazine may be carcinogenic, as mammary tumors were reported in female Sprague-Dawley rats (37,38); however, such an effect may involve a primary action on pituitary luteinizing hormone seen only at high doses, and it may thus have a threshold (37). Epidemiological studies of triazine herbicides and cancer have provided inconclusive results (39,40), and atrazine is classified by IARC as a Group 3 carcinogen (not classifiable as to its carcinogenicity to humans).
Integrating network pharmacology and in vitro model to investigate hippocampal neurotoxicity induced by atrazine
Published in Toxicology Mechanisms and Methods, 2022
Existing evidences showed that the adverse effects of atrazine on endocrine, reproductive, immune, and central nervous systems (Yuan et al. 2017; Ge et al. 2021; Horzmann et al. 2021; Zhu et al. 2021). It has been confirmed that the hippocampus is the key target of ATR through histopathological analyses and behavioral tests; however, research at the molecular level is limited (Giusi et al. 2006; Lin et al. 2013, 2014). Our previous study showed that multiple pathways were related to the hippocampal neurotoxicity induced by ATR, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways (Li et al. 2018, 2019). Additionally, ATR has demonstrated a multi-target toxicant in different species (Hanson et al. 2019). Given the relationship between hippocampal function and the existence of organisms, it is essential to investigate the potential toxicity mechanisms of ATR systematically.
Protective Effects of Betanin against Oxidative Stress in a Peripheral Artery Vasospasm Model in Rat
Published in Journal of Investigative Surgery, 2021
Kevser Tural, Ozkan Ozden, Zeynep Bilgi, Oğuz Merhan, Celal Sahin Ermutlu, Ayşen Aksoyek
More recently, Eftekhari et al reported protective effects of betanin against atrazine toxicity in vitro, using rat hepatocyte cultures. Atrazine is the most commonly detected drinking water contaminant in USA and mainly exerts its toxic effects on mammals by impairing oxidative phosphorylation, causing endocrine disturbances. Betanin was found to ameliorate hepatotoxicity via decreasing lipid peroxidation, stabilization of mitochondrial membrane and repleting glutathione levels [30]. Betanin was also incorporated into PEGylated gelatin nanoparticles with doxorubicin with the objective of decreasing overall dose of doxorubicin and mitigating toxicity. In a pH responsive nanoparticle, betanin was found to be able to encapsulate and stabilize with doxorubicin and show synergistic effect, measured by increased cell apoptosis in vitro [31].
Effects of atrazine on fish, amphibians, and reptiles: update of the analysis based on quantitative weight of evidence
Published in Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 2019
Mark L. Hanson, Keith R. Solomon, Glen J. Van Der Kraak, Richard A. Brian
A study in carp (Cyprinus carpio) exposed to 7, 35, 108, and 277 µg atrazine/L for 1, 4, and 30 d in mesocosms revealed several responses (Chang et al. 2005). Gene damage in erythrocytes as measured by electrophoretic tail length was observed at all exposures but was not related to apical endpoints. No micronuclei were found in erythrocytes, suggesting no genotoxicity. There was no expression of Vtg in livers of male fish but there was only an inconsistent induction of P4501a1 mRNA (day-4 only), resulting in a reduced score for relevance. A study in the same species exposed to 428 µg atrazine/L for 40 d reported effects on hematological parameters viability of lymphocytes, profile of serum proteins, and genes related to expression of immunity (Khalil et al. 2017) but the authors did not report effects on apical endpoints. The only concentration used in the test was not environmentally realistic. A weak study (quality of methods score of 1.2) on the effects very unrealistic concentration of formulated atrazine reported adverse effects on several blood parameters (Ali et al. 2018a). Snow trout (Schizothorax plagiostomus) were exposed to 50,000, 100,000, and 150,000 µg atrazine/L for 24, 48, and 72 h. Hemoglobin content, red and white blood cell counts, neutrophils, and lymphocytes were all affected. In addition, corpuscular volume, corpuscular hemoglobin, and total proteins were affected. Effects at these concentrations, which exceed the maximum solubility of atrazine in water, caused mortality, and are not environmentally realistic. The score for relevance was reduced to 0.