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Medicinal Plants of Mongolia
Published in Raymond Cooper, Jeffrey John Deakin, Natural Products of Silk Road Plants, 2020
Narantuya Samdan, Odonchimeg Batsukh
In traditional medicine, the herbal parts of Saussurea are useful in treating hepatobiliary disorders and indigestion (Ligaa, 1996; Khaidav et al., 1985). It is also used for bile disorders and for its antibacterial properties (Ligaa et al., 2005; Boldsaikhan, 2004; Khurelchuluun and Batchimeg, 2007).
Saussurea costus (Kust) and Senna alexandrina (Senna)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Amita Dubey, Soni Gupta, Mushfa Khatoon, Anil Kumar Gupta
Among numerous species of genus Saussurea, S. costus is the most important species both commercially and medicinally. The medicinal significance of S. costus has been mentioned in Ayurvedic, Tibetan, and Chinese systems of medicine as the major ingredient in about 175 herbal formulations (Butola and Samant, 2010). Saussurea costus Lipschitz (Falc.), synonymous with Saussurea lappa C.B. Clarke and Aucklandia costus Falc. is one of the most important species of genus Saussurea. S. costus also known as costus in English. There are other names in India viz. Kur (in Bengal), Kut (in Gujrat), Postkhai (in Kashmir), Kot (in Punjab), Kushta (in Sanskrit), Kostum (in Tamil), Kushta (in Maharashtra), and Kuth (in Hindi) (Kirtikar and Basu, 2001). S. costus is extensively used in indigenous systems of medicine to cure a variety of diseases and has emerged as an important medicinal plant in the international drug market (Fan et al., 2014). The plant is mainly the inhabitant of the subalpine zones of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttaranchal, and Himachal Pradesh of India, usually at an altitude of 3200–3800 m. Due to overexploitation of the plant for various medicinal and commercial purposes, it has been listed as a critically endangered species of medicinal plants in Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) of Wild Fauna and Flora (Pandey et al., 2007). The plant has also been listed among the Himalayan medicinal plants that are selected for ex situ and in situ conservation (Pandey et al., 2007; Kuniyal et al., 2005). S. costus has been listed among the 29 medicinal and aromatic plants whose export has been regulated by the Ministry of Commerce Government of India (Pandey et al., 2007). Dried roots of costus and its oil are the main products of costus which are traded in the herbal drug market (Zahara et al., 2014). India was the second largest exporter of costus after China from 1983 to 2009 with 266 tons of export. However, the largest importer of the plant was France. Drugs formulated using costus are often reported to be adulterated with Inula racemosa, a plant in the northwestern Himalayan region (Sastry et al., 2013; Sharma et al., 2017).
In vitro neuroprotective effects of farnesene sesquiterpene on alzheimer’s disease model of differentiated neuroblastoma cell line
Published in International Journal of Neuroscience, 2021
Mehmet Enes Arslan, Hasan Türkez, Adil Mardinoğlu
Sesquiterpenes lactones (SL) was investigated as a group of biologically active plant chemistry that have been described in various plant families such as Acanthaceae, Anacardiaceae, Apiaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Menispermaceae, Rutaceae, Winteraceae and Hepatideae [15]. However, the largest number of Compositae (Asteraceae) family was shown to have more than 3,000 different structures [22]. Costunolide was analyzed as an active component of the crude extract of Saussurea lappa roots, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant [16]. The anticancer property of Costunolide was first reported in a rat intestinal carcinogenesis model induced by azoxymethane, and in a later study supported using the DMBA-derived hamster buccal carcinogenesis model [23]. Following these two in vivo experiments, significant efforts have been made to understand the mechanism responsible for the anticancer activity of costunolide. First, costunolide was found as a potent apoptotic stimulant in multiple ways in cancer cells. Costunolidine has been reported to readily degrade intracellular oxidized-GSH and to disrupt the cellular redox balance [24]. Also, many studies showed that sesquiterpenes from different species exhibit high antioxidant properties such as Inula viscosa and Hertia cheirifolia [25–27]. Moreover, anti-Alzheimer’s disease features of sesquiterpenes were displayed through different mechanisms as anti-inflammatory pathway activations and NF-κB induced cytokine production inhibitions [28–30].
Alantolactone mitigates renal injury induced by diabetes via inhibition of high glucose-mediated inflammatory response and macrophage infiltration
Published in Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 2020
Yu Zhu, Yuanliang Ling, Xiao’ai Wang
At present, an increasing number of studies have sought to evaluate natural products (NPs) for their effects on DN. In particular, the research of new anti-inflammatory agents extracted from NPs has been recognized as an urgent task by both pharmaceutical companies and researchers. As one of such anti-inflammatory agents, ALA is extracted from tibet inula root and has long been used as Chinese herbal medicine since ancient times. It is the most important of terpene unsaturated compounds, and is regarded as a potential candidate inhibitor of various diseases, including nerve injury, cancer and insulin resistance [12–14]. Recent studies have shown that ALA exhibits a variety of pharmacological effects against inflammation [15,16]. It’s reported that ALA from Saussurea lappa inhibits TNF-α and Interferon-γ(IFN-γ)-induced inflammatory response in HaCaT cells [16]. Another study showed that ALA inhibited lipopolysaccharide(LPS)-induced inflammation in RAW 264.7 by inhibiting the expression of myeloid differentiation factor88 (MyD88) and Toll-interleukin 1 receptor domain-containing adaptor protein (TIRAP), followed by inhibiting downstream signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) [15]. Besides, in palmitate-stimulated adipocytes, ALA inhibits the activation of TLR4-JNK signaling; moreover, in both palmitate-stimulated adipocytes and adipocyte-macrophage system, ALA reduced the mRNA levels of TNF-α, interleukin-6 (IL-6) and MCP-1, and improved glucose intolerance [17]. Furthermore, ALA improves IL-6-induced glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in the skeletal muscle by inhibiting STAT3-SOCS3-TLR4 signaling [14], suggesting that ALA can be a promising therapeutic strategy for chronic inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, and diabetic complication. However, despite much investigation into these activities, the specific effects of ALA on DN and the mechanisms underlying its operation remain elusive.
Acacetin-loaded microemulsion for transdermal delivery: preparation, optimization and evaluation
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Yajing Wang, Qian Chen, Xianfeng Huang, Xiaojing Yan
Acacetin, a natural flavone first found in Saussurea involucrata (Kar. et Kir.) Sch.-Bip (Asteraceae), was reported to possess the beneficial effects of anticancer (Jung et al. 2014; Kim et al. 2014) and anti-inflammation (Huang and Liou 2012; Kim et al. 2012; Carballo-Villalobos et al. 2014). In the previous study, we demonstrated that acacetin could act as a potential drug candidate for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (AF) by multiple atrial-specific ion channel blocking mechanisms (Li et al. 2008; Wu et al. 2011, 2013) and prevent the induction of experimental AF in anesthetized canines after duodenal administration (Li et al. 2008). The median lethal dose (or 50% lethal dose, LD50) calculated by the Bliss method (Rosiello et al. 1977) was determined as 721.7 mg/kg in mice after administrating a single dose of acacetin prodrug through the tail vein. Compared with currently market-available drugs for the treatment of AF, such as antiarrhythmic drugs (Ravens and Christ 2010), acacetin has evident advantages such as reduced proarrhythmic effects and negligible toxicity resulting from high atrial selectivity. However, acacetin has the common disadvantages of flavone compounds, such as very poor water solubility (64.4 ± 10.9 ng/mL), limited ethanol solubility (0.712 ± 0.002 mg/mL), and extremely low and unregular oral bioavailability in beagle dogs (6.37 ± 8.35%, n = 3). In recent studies, we have prepared a highly water-soluble phosphate prodrug of acacetin for first aid, which exert an effective termination of experimental persistent AF induced by atrial triggering with vagal nerve stimulation in beagle dogs by infusion. The therapeutic window was determined as 61.1 ∼ 650 ng/mL by the correlation analysis of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics. However, in general terms, drug delivery aims to achieve efficient pharmacokinetics together with no or minimal invasiveness. Thus, it’s still necessary to develop a novel formulation with good clinical compliance and longer therapeutic plasma concentration for daily use.