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Opportunities and Challenges in Seaweeds as Feed Stock for Biofuel Production
Published in Gokare A. Ravishankar, Ranga Rao Ambati, Handbook of Algal Technologies and Phytochemicals, 2019
Mohammad Javad Hessami, Ambati Ranga Rao, Gokare A. Ravishankar
The carbohydrates need to undergo a process called saccharification by which the carbohydrate polymers cleave into the constituent monomers. Cellulose breaks to glucose, hemicellulose gives some different hexoses and pentose sugars such as xylose, arabinose and glucose. Various methods have been reported while the most common approaches are grouped into enzymatic and chemical hydrolysis (Taherzadeh and Karimi 2007>a). In addition, there are other hydrolytical methods in which no chemicals or enzymes are applied. For instance, lignocelluloses may be hydrolyzed by gamma-ray or electron-beam irradiation or microwave irradiation. However, these processes are far from being commercially applied (Saini et al. 2015). Other saccharification approaches beside enzymatic or chemical treatments include electron-beam irradiation and gamma-ray microwave, which still require further development for commercial application (Taherzadeh 1999). Carbohydrates from seaweed are very different from land-crops and they also vary based on the seasonal changes and species (Kim et al. 2015). Through a survey of tropical seaweeds in Malaysia, Hessami (2017) reported that total carbohydrate content varied from 12.16 ± 2.11% to 71.22 ± 0.71% for Sargassum binderi and K. alvarezii, respectively, while even an higher amount (78.3 ± 11.5%) was reported in Papua, Indonesia (Meinita et al. 2012a). In addition, they contain very low amounts of lignin and hemicellulose; thus it is more amenable for enzymatic conversion to reducing sugars (Gressel 2008). Seaweeds contain unique carbohydrate composition: besides starch, cellulose, agar, carrageenan and alginate, they may also contain mannitol and laminarin, making them distinctively different from terrestrial biomass. Thus, it is important to apply appropriate methods to seaweed biomass and to select appropriate microorganisms that are pivotal for successful bioethanol fermentation (Tan and Lee 2014).
Linear and branched β-Glucans degrading enzymes from versatile Bacteroides uniformis JCM 13288T and their roles in cooperation with gut bacteria
Published in Gut Microbes, 2020
Ravindra Pal Singh, Sivasubramanian Rajarammohan, Raksha Thakur, Mohsin Hassan
Indeed, we have found a canonical PUL in B. uniformis JCM 13288 T that is corresponding to a locus present in marine bacterium, Bacteroides plebeius (Figure 2(c)). This locus (PUL46) may be responsible for agarose and porpharan saccharification (marked in black in Figure 1), which is missing in the reference strain B. uniformis JCM 5828. Since B. uniformis JCM 13288 T was isolated from adult Japanese gut, we predicted that the strain might have other marine glycan utilization loci, and surprisingly found a laminarin-PUL. The locus was conserved in both the B. uniformis strains (Figure 1). Therefore, it can be hypothesized that carbohydrate utilization potential of these strains is varied, as is evidenced by the differences in CAZyme, and PUL abundances.
Bioconjugation as a smart immobilization approach for α-amylase enzyme using stimuli-responsive Eudragit-L100 polymer: a robust biocatalyst for applications in pharmaceutical industry
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Heidi Mohamed Abdel-Mageed, Rasha Ali Radwan, Nermeen Zakaria AbuelEzz, Hebatallah Ahmed Nasser, Aliaa Ali El Shamy, Rana M. Abdelnaby, Nesrine Abdelrehim EL Gohary
α-Amylase (EC 3.2.1.1, 1,4-α-D-Glucan-glucanohydrolase) occupies an important segment (around 25%) of total world enzyme market where it is essential for the conversion of starches into oligosaccharides. Starch is a biodegradable polymer that is extensively used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry [1,2]. In fact, the use of amylase enzyme has become a foreseeable successful strategy when a perfect control on reactant and end product are required. A considerable share of the starch processing industry depends on α-amylase for production of maltodextrin, modified starches, or glucose and fructose syrups; and are further extensively used as additives in food and pharmaceutical industry. Advances in biomedical applications have extended the use of starch in nanotechnology for newer biodegradable drug delivery techniques. Hence, sustainable development in the starch processing industry (including gelation, liquefaction or saccharification) primary depends mainly on selective amylolytic activity of α-amylase. α-amylase is also used in therapeutic drug delivery for preparation of digestive aids and is marketed for its anti-inflammatory and anti-eudemons effect. In addition, α-amylase has various applications in biomedical and bioanalytical fields and in a wide range of industries such as food, fermentation, textile, detergent [2,3].
Understanding the basis of medical use of poly-lactide-based resorbable polymers and composites – a review of the clinical and metabolic impact
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2019
Sergiu Vacaras, Mihaela Baciut, Ondine Lucaciu, Cristian Dinu, Grigore Baciut, Liana Crisan, Mihaela Hedesiu, Bogdan Crisan, Florin Onisor, Gabriel Armencea, Ileana Mitre, Ioan Barbur, Winfried Kretschmer, Simion Bran
Once these eco-friendly production processes established, an important point of research focused on reducing energy consumption for the biomass saccharification process. Perfectioning economic production also concentrates on obtaining mutant Lactobacilli.