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Metabolic Laboratory Data
Published in Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson, Optimizing Metabolic Status for the Hospitalized Patient, 2023
Michael M. Rothkopf, Jennifer C. Johnson
In this chapter, we will be discussing the concept of clinical biochemistry. We will explore the interpretation of the various labs that we order and provide some of the scientific basis for their use in clinical practice. We will outline the typical order sets we use on initial and follow-up consults.
Research Planning and Development Perspectives
Published in Gary M. Matoren, The Clinical Research Process in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 2020
Developments in biochemistry have encouraged a greater focus on enzymes as specific drug targets. Efforts to identify, characterize, and develop inhibitors or activators for key enzymes involved in metabolic processes are increasing. The use of radioactive ligands has enabled researchers to achieve better biological characterization of various hormone and neurotransmitter receptors. The study of such receptors is yielding increased understanding of how hormones and neurotransmitters work that will permit the development of specific, potent antagonists (blockers), and agonists (mimics). Conceptual advances are occurring which will lead to novel approaches to inhibition or stimulation of immunological pathways, that is, control of individual cellular events in the generation and expression of immune responses. The study of metabolic pathways will become even more important in the search for new drug leads. As new compounds are isolated which are involved in important physiological processes, the routes of synthesis and degradation and the role of associated enzymes will provide important clues for drug development projects. Neurobiology is another exciting area and the potential therapeutic implications of synthetic peptides will grow substantially as more active peptides are isolated and peptide analogs resistant to proteolysis are synthesized. Molecular biology and gene technology have progressed dramatically and recombinant DNA technology represents one of the most exciting and potentially productive areas of biomedical research and development.
Chronic Pain and Stress
Published in Michael S. Margoles, Richard Weiner, Chronic PAIN, 2019
Perhaps the most promising area presently under investigation involves research into the biochemistry of health. In 1973 scientists discovered the endorphin. Endorphin is a naturally occurring narcotic within the brain that not only shields the body from pain, but is thought to influence emotion and mood. It is part of the “fight or flight” response to stress. Some researchers claim that endorphin and other such chemicals may actually be the molecular basis of emotion. It is believed that peptides such as endorphin relay messages between the hormone system and the brain and are called “neuropeptides.” Little is known about which emotional mood neuropeptides foster. Although endorphins have only recently been discovered, efforts to map their location in the brain will help determine how they impact clinical symptoms. They are tentatively offered as one mechanism to explain the relation of stress to disease. In the future, an endorphin count may be used to determine a person’s tolerance to pain and may play a role in the diagnosis and treatment of any stress disorder an individual may have.
SARS-CoV-2 and Plasmodium falciparum coinfection: a case report
Published in Infectious Diseases, 2023
Sanja Mandić, Luka Švitek, Tara Rolić, Iva Lukić, Dubravka Lišnjić, Mario Duvnjak, Ivana Sarić, Vatroslav Šerić
All other laboratory tests were performed in the Clinical Department of Laboratory Diagnostics of the same hospital. Complete blood count was performed using the haematology analyser Sysmex XN-2000 (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan), coagulation analyses were performed using the BCS XP coagulometer (Siemens Healthineers AG, Erlangen, Germany) and biochemistry analyses: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), albumin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin (TBIL), creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), lactate and ferritin were performed using the biochemistry analyser Olympus AU680 (Beckman Coulter, Brea, California, USA). All the above-mentioned biochemistry analytes except CRP and ferritin were measured with spectrophotometric methods. C-reactive protein and ferritin were determined with an immunoturbidimetric method. Finally, procalcitonin (PCT) and Interleukin-6 (IL-6) were measured by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (ECLIA) using the Cobas e411 analyser (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim, Germany) and high sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI) was measured using the Dimension EXL with LM analyser (Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics, Newark, USA).
S-Carboxymethyl-l -cysteine: a multiple dosing study using pharmacokinetic modelling
Published in Xenobiotica, 2021
Glyn B. Steventon, Stephen C. Mitchell
This is a concern not only for the drug examined in the present paper but for other drugs in general where details of interaction are being sought. Many compounds will have a multitude of influences within the biochemistry of an organism, but the challenging task is to tease out from the crowd those instances that underlie the particular mechanism or mechanisms of action that relate to the therapeutic activity observed in the clinical arena. The results of the present reappraisal highlight the limitations of undertaking in vitro pharmacodynamic investigations in the absence of clinically relevant pharmacokinetic data. An amalgamation of these two perceived separate divisions in pharmacology (the effect of drug on the body and the effect of the body on the drug) is vital as their interplay provides essential information and is a crucial determinant dictating the mechanistic understanding and subsequent therapeutic efficacy of a pharmaceutical agent.
Correlation between habitual dietary fibre intake and postprandial plasma glucose levels in early adulthood
Published in Annals of Human Biology, 2019
Kanae Sato, Masako Sasaki, Mitsuhiro Nishimura, Taro Yamauchi
The blood biochemistry examinations included the measurement of protein (total protein, albumin), liver function (total bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase [AST, GOT], alanine aminotransferase [ALT, GPT], lactic dehydrogenase [LDH], alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transferase [γ-GTP]), lipids (total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], triglyceride [TG]), kidney function (urea nitrogen, creatinine, uric acid), electrolytes (Na, K, Cl), sugar metabolism (HbAlc, fasting insulin levels) and blood counts (erythrocyte counts, haemoglobin content, haematocrit values, platelet counts, leukocyte counts). The urine examinations measured urine content (specific gravity, reactivity [pH], protein content, glucose content, ketone bodies, occult blood reactivity, urobilinogen, bilirubin) and were outsourced to Kishimoto Medical Examination Centre No. 1. Along with these examination results, comprehensive health data including current health status, dietary and drinking habits, rising and sleeping times, presence of late-night shifts, illness in the past month, medical history, blood donation history, medication administration, health food and supplement use, stool status and menstrual frequency (for women) were obtained from study participants via physician consultation.