China
Africa
Explore chapters and articles related to this topic
Marine Algal Secondary Metabolites Are a Potential Pharmaceutical Resource for Human Society Developments
Published in Se-Kwon Kim, Marine Biochemistry, 2023
Somasundaram Ambiga, Raja Suja Pandian, Lazarus Vijune Lawrence, Arjun Pandian, Ramu Arun Kumar, Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed Abdul
Amylases are enzymes that help to convert complex carbohydrates like starch into simple sugars. They are divided into three groups: alpha-amylase, beta-amylase, and gamma-amylase. γ-amylase, is most effective in acidic conditions. Recently, researchers have discovered extracellular amylase-producing terrestrial bacteria like Saccharomycopsis, Arxula adeninivorans, Candida japonica, Saccharomycopsis, Lipomyces, Filobasidium capsuligenum, and Schwanniomyces.
An overweight patient with epigastric pain
Published in Tim French, Terry Wardle, The Problem-Based Learning Workbook, 2022
There are several causes of raised amylase not caused by acute pancreatitis; these include: perforated viscusrenal failuresmall bowel infarctionacidosis and diabetic ketoacidosissalivary gland diseaseeating disorderscirrhosisdrugs.
Acute abdomen in pregnancy
Published in Hung N. Winn, Frank A. Chervenak, Roberto Romero, Clinical Maternal-Fetal Medicine Online, 2021
Nicole Fearing, William L. Holcomb
Blood tests are of limited diagnostic value for the patient suspected to have cholecystitis. Leukocytosis may be present, but it is neither a sensitive nor a specific marker. Serum alkaline phosphatase is normally elevated in pregnancy. A high value should not be taken as evidence of cholestasis. Other hepatic enzymes, such as aspartate transferase and alanine transferase, may be helpful in distinguishing cholecystitis from hepatitis. Transient elevation of the serum amylase level may be seen in up to one-third of patients (39,40). A markedly elevated serum amylase level suggests pancreatitis, which may complicate the course of gallbladder disease. Occasionally, a patient may be jaundiced with an elevated bilirubin level. If the patient has had persistent vomiting, evaluation of electrolyte status is essential.
Bell’s palsy with abnormal findings in the ipsilateral parotid gland
Published in Acta Oto-Laryngologica Case Reports, 2023
Takaaki Hijioka, Yoshihiro Aoki, Hideaki Moteki, Naoto Mizushiro
A 7-year-old boy without a significant medical history presented to the emergency department with a left facial paralysis and swelling of the ipsilateral parotid gland that had progressed for 5 days. He had no history of parotid gland swelling and had received one dose of the mumps vaccine at 2 years of age. On admission, a physical examination revealed facial asymmetry at rest without forehead movement on the left side. He was unable to close his left eye completely and had an obvious drooping of the left corner of his mouth. The left tympanic membrane was intact with no periauricular rash. Mild, non-tender swelling was noted in the left parotid gland (Figure 1(a)). Blood examination revealed a white blood cell count of 7.88 × 109/L (normal range: 3.30–8.60 × 109/L), a C-reactive protein level of 0.1 mg/L (normal range: 0–1.4 mg/L), and an amylase level of 104 U/L (normal range: 44–132 U/L). The hearing test demonstrated no laterality; however, the stapedial reflex was absent on the left side. Ultrasonography revealed hypoechoic masses in the left parotid gland (Figure 1(b)). T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed heterogeneous hyperintensity in the posterior part of the left parotid gland (Figure 1(c)). Serological test results for mumps, herpes simplex virus type 1, varicella-zoster virus, Epstein-Barr virus, and cytomegalovirus were negative.
Antihyperglycemic effects of Lysiphyllum strychnifolium leaf extract in vitro and in vivo
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2023
Arman Syah Goli, Vilasinee Hirunpanich Sato, Hitoshi Sato, Savita Chewchinda, Jiraporn Leanpolchareanchai, Jannarin Nontakham, Jantana Yahuafai, Thavaree Thilavech, Pongsatorn Meesawatsom, Metawee Maitree
Postprandial hyperglycemia is one of the main causes of diabetic complication. Suppression of glucose production from carbohydrates by the inhibition of α-glucosidase and α-amylase, and inhibition of intestinal glucose uptake are the potential strategies to inhibit glucose absorption in the small intestine (Duarte et al. 2020). To elucidate the effect of the LS extract on postprandial hyperglycemia, an OGTT model using STZ-NA-induced DM mice was employed. After pre-treatment with the LS extract at 1000 mg/kg (p.o.) for 30 min before 2 g/kg glucose loading in STZ-NA-induced DM mice, LS extract substantially retarded the elevation of blood glucose concentrations after glucose loading as compared with that of the control group. According to our in vitro results, the LS extract inhibited α-glucosidase activity with an IC50 value of 6.52 ± 0.42 μg/mL. The Lineweaver-Burk plots revealed that the LS extract inhibited α-glucosidase by a non-competitive mechanism with a Ki value of 1.32 µg/mL, which is in accordance with a previous kinetic analysis, indicating that trilobatin reversibly inhibited α-glucosidase in a non-competitive manner (He et al. 2022). This effect was stronger than that of acarbose, as positive control. However, our preliminary study found that it has no effect on α-amylase activity (data not shown). These results were corroborated by Noonong et al. (2022) who found that the isolated polyphenols from ethanol extract of LS stems exhibited more potent inhibitory effect towards α-glucosidase than that of α-amylase.
Is occlusion of the main pancreatic duct by thermal ablation really safe? A surgical innovation assessed according to IDEAL recommendations
Published in International Journal of Hyperthermia, 2023
Xavier Moll, Dolors Fondevila, Félix García-Arnas, Juan J. Pérez, Benedetto Ielpo, Patricia Sánchez-Velázquez, Luis Grande, Sofía Jaume, Aleksandar Radosevic, Luis Barranco, Enrique Berjano, Fernando Burdio, Anna Andaluz
Data were analyzed using SPSS version 19.0 (IBM, Armonk, NY, USA). Normality was tested by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous data of repeated measurements of the data obtained from the initial clinical experience were evaluated by Wilcoxon`s nonparametric test. Non-linear fits (i.e. higher-order regression models) and linear regression models were also performed to determine the best fit equations for morphological measurements. The best goodness of fit of the models was individually assessed both graphically and by R2 for each group, which can be interpreted as the proportion of the total variability explained by the model. The Wilcoxon test was used to evaluate amylase levels between the time periods of the data obtained from the animal study. A p value <.05 was considered to be significant.