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Ethnomedicinal Plants of North Eastern Himalayan Region of India to Combat Hypertension
Published in Amit Baran Sharangi, K. V. Peter, Medicinal Plants, 2023
Pintubala Kshetri, K. Tamreihao, Subhra Saikat Roy, Thangjam Surchandra Singh, Susheel Kumar Sharma, Meraj Alam Ansari
R. serpentina is an evergreen shrub commonly known as Indian snakeroot widely distributed in the Indian subcontinent. It is a well-known folk medicine in India and is used in treating several important diseases. Clinical studies conducted by various researchers reveals that an active molecule “reserpine” extracted from the root is responsible for controlling the hypertensive activity of this plant (Wilkins and Judson, 1953). Reserpine, an alkaloid, is a drug used in treatment of hypertension. Sheldon and Kotte (1957) conducted 2-year double-blind study on the effect of reserpine on hypertensive patients, where they observed a significant reduction in BP of the patients. The mechanism of hypotensive activity is by inhibiting vesicular monoamine transporter (VMAT) 1 and 2 located at the neuroendocrine cells of the peripheral nervous system. The inhibition of VMAT’s blocked the L-type voltage-gated calcium channels and catecholamine secretion thereby lowering BP (Loby 2015; Mahata et al., 1996).
Plantago ovata (Isabgol) and Rauvolfia serpentina (Indian Snakeroot)
Published in Azamal Husen, Herbs, Shrubs, and Trees of Potential Medicinal Benefits, 2022
Ankur Anavkar, Nimisha Patel, Ahmad Ali, Hina Alim
Individuals turn toward herbal supplements known for their natural source and fewer side effects. Although herbal medicines that are used as “self-medications” can cause long-term harm (Mossoba et al., 2015; Rijntjes and Meyer, 2019). Some patients developed symptoms of depression while undergoing reserpine treatment for hypertension. The severity of the symptoms was very high, which ultimately led to the use of antidepressants or hospitalization. Reserpine is responsible for depletion of serotonin and catecholamines in the brain. Serotonin levels in platelets are also affected. Reserpine has also been used for mimicking Parkinson's disease symptoms in model organisms (Fahn, 2015; Minor and Hanff, 2015). Various researchers have reported the side effects caused by reserpine. The norepinephrine in the adrenal medulla also gets depleted. In animals, reserpine causes neuroleptic effects and akinetic effects. A researcher used L-dopa to alleviate the reserpine-induced Parkinson state in animals (Fahn, 2015). A case study reported a person suffering from early parkinsonism and depression for a period of three years. Initially, the hypertension medications were not taken into consideration. But with further investigation, it was confirmed that Rauvolfia tablets had caused such side effects. After three months of without the tablets, the patient recovered fully (Rijntjes and Meyer, 2019).
Homeostasis of Dopamine
Published in Nira Ben-Jonathan, Dopamine, 2020
The most common VMAT inhibitors are reserpine and tetrabenazine. Reserpine is an indole alkaloid derived from the plant Rauwolfia serpentine. It was introduced in 1954 as an antipsychotic and an antihypertensive medication, and it was instrumental in the development of the “monoamine hypothesis” of affective disorders [58]. Reserpine continues to be used as a research tool in rodent models of depression and anxiety, but its clinical use has declined because of excessive drug interactions and side effects such as lethargy and clinical depression. Yet, reserpine has gained some credence as a potential treatment for cocaine addiction, and recent clinical trials documented that it is well tolerated and is safe. Reserpine binds with high affinity to both VMAT1 and VMAT2 near the substrate-binding site on the cytoplasmic side of the transporter.
Antiperspirant effects and mechanism investigation of Mulisan decoction in rats based on plasma metabolomics
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Shan-Peng Ma, Wei-Ping Ma, Shi-Ning Yin, Xiang-Yue Chen, Xiao-Qing Ma, Bao-Hong Wei, Jing-Guang Lu, Hong-Bing Liu
Although MLS has sound antiperspirant effects in the clinic, the possible mechanism of its treatment is still unclear. In this study, we selected a reserpine-induced rat as an animal model to further study the antiperspirant mechanism of MLS. As a typical therapeutic drug for hypertension, reserpine can cause the synthesis and secretion of serotonin, norepinephrine, epinephrine, and dopamine, and then induce some peripheral sympathetic symptoms, such as depression, fatigue, weakness, loss of appetite, and diarrhoea (Antkiewicz-Michaluk et al. 2015). Thus, reserpine is often used in scientific research to induce the animal model of Parkinson's, depression, tension, spleen deficiency, and other diseases (Khurana and Bansal 2019; Leal et al. 2019; Zheng et al. 2020), which is consistent with the applicable scope of MLS. Based on intraperitoneal injection of reserpine, we induced spontaneous sweating symptoms by intraperitoneal injection of pilocarpine. The established rat model was used to evaluate the antiperspirant effect of MLS on sweat point numbers, body weight, and the Th1/Th2 ratio. Meanwhile, we tried to determine the antiperspirant mechanism of MLS by screening potential endogenous metabolite biomarkers and forecasting possible pathways based on the plasma metabolomics combined with KEGG pathway enrichment analysis. As a result, this study provided new insights and the basis for the clinical application of MLS.
Erxian decoction, a famous Chinese medicine formula, antagonizes corticosterone-induced injury in PC12 cells, and improves depression-like behaviours in mice
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2020
Lan Zhang, Yue Yang, Lei Di, Jun-long Li, Ning Li
Reserpine (Res), an alkaloid extracted from the root of Rauwolfia serpentine which was first introduced to modern medicine in the mid-1940s, is one of the earliest drugs used to treat hypertension (Mashour et al. 1998). A recent study suggests that reserpine depletes the neuronal storage granules of biogenic amines in the brains of rodents, and causes a clinically significant depression-like state (Minor and Hanff 2015). Therefore, reserpine was designed to induce depressive symptoms in mice in our experiment. Fluoxetine (Flu), the most widely used antidepressant, increases serotonergic neurotransmission through selective inhibition of neuronal reuptake of serotonin (Amitai et al. 2016). Fluoxetine also plays an important role in neurogenesis and neuroplasticity, which may have significant effects on neurotrophic disease and increase neuronal energy supply (Levy et al. 2019). Thus, we chose fluoxetine as a positive drug in this experiment. This study evaluates the neuroprotective effects of EXD on corticosterone (Cort)-injured PC12 cells in vitro and confirms the antidepressant-like effects in despaired mice and reserpine-induced mouse models in vivo.
Effect of reserpine on Pseudomonas aeruginosa quorum sensing mediated virulence factors and biofilm formation
Published in Biofouling, 2018
Debaprasad Parai, Malabika Banerjee, Pia Dey, Arindam Chakraborty, Ekramul Islam, Samir Kumar Mukherjee
Increasing reports of resistance against conventional drugs among pathogenic bacterial strains have encouraged scientists to identify and implement different alternative strategies to control infectious diseases, as some of the pathogens appear to be more threatening when they switch to a biofilm state. Plant secondary metabolites have unveiled a new alternative path with their widely diverse chemical groups. Several studies have been done so far on the anti-biofilm and antivirulence activities of plant-derived products, including alkaloids (Rasmussen et al. 2005; Kim and Park 2013; Sarabhai et al. 2013). However, no such reports have been documented on reserpine, though it exhibits several other traditional therapeutic usages (Begum et al. 2012; Kumari et al. 2013). In the present study, reserpine showed both biofilm inhibition and eradication effects at sub-MIC. In addition, reserpine reduced the production of virulence factors by downregulating QS genes and blocking QS regulators. The effectiveness of reserpine at IC25 was statistically insignificant, whereas IC50 and IC80 dosages clearly demonstrated its significance as a QS inhibitory compound.