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Insulin and Brain Reward Systems
Published in André Kleinridders, Physiological Consequences of Brain Insulin Action, 2023
Brian C. Liu, Qingchen Zhang, Emmanuel N. Pothos
Though the direction of the relationship between depression and diabetes is not clear, one potential mechanism that could explain this association is the reward system. One popular theory on the etiology of depression is the monoamine deficiency hypothesis, which suggests that decreased monoamine neurotransmitters (serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine) can contribute to depressive disorders (108). The literature on the relationship between dopamine and depression is especially strong, with several studies demonstrating that dopamine dysregulation can contribute to depressive disorders and behaviors (109), specifically dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) (110). The habenula (Hb) has also emerged as an important regulator of the dopaminergic neurons in the VTA (111, 112). In addition, the Hb has a high density of IRs (113); and studies in humans demonstrate Hb impairments in people with depression (114).
Psychotropic Use during Pregnancy
Published in “Bert” Bertis Britt Little, Drugs and Pregnancy, 2022
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) are another medication class to treat depression. No epidemiological studies are published that analyzed the safety of MAO agents during pregnancy. Only 21 pregnancies with first trimester exposure to the monoamine oxidase inhibitors are published, with an apparent increase in birth defects (Heinonen et al., 1977). It is impossible to make clinically useful recommendations because the sample size is too small.
Biological Basis of Behavior
Published in Mohamed Ahmed Abd El-Hay, Understanding Psychology for Medicine and Nursing, 2019
The biogenic amines include catecholamines, indolamines, ethylamines, and quaternary amines. Dopamine, epinephrine, and norepinephrine constitute the main catecholamines family of neurotransmitters which are derived from the same precursor molecule (tyrosine). The monoamine theory of mood disorder hypothesizes that altered monoamine activity and related changes in monoamine receptors result in mood abnormalities.
Edible insects prevent changes to brain monoamine profiles from malnourishment in weaned rats
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Ella E. Bauer, Isaac Agbemafle, Manju B. Reddy, Peter J. Clark
PEM in children manifests and perpetuates during the complementary feeding period (6–24 months), which coincides with critical periods of brain development [3,9]. The consequences of PEM can be devastating, including impaired motor coordination, abnormal stress responses, emotional reactivity, and deficits in verbal reasoning and memory which can continue into adulthood [9,10]. Monoamine neurotransmitters (i.e. serotonin (5-HT), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE)) play critical roles in the brain, including regulating motor functions, stress response, and cognition [9,11]. Moreover, brain-wide disturbances to monoaminergic levels and signaling during development are commonly observed with malnutrition [9,12]. For instance, abnormal elevations in 5-HT and DA can be observed in early life malnutrition and have been linked to an array of cognitive impairments including the increased risk for learning deficits as well as risk of developing mental health issues like schizophrenia and affective disorders [12–14]. Moreover, it has been posited that imbalances between the activities of 5-HT and DA, favoring greater 5-HT activity, are linked to several traits associated with malnourishment, including impulsivity, learning deficits, heighted responsiveness to stressors, and fatigue [12,15,16]. Restoring nutrient balances has been shown to mitigate some of the monoamine imbalances related to undernourishment [3,12]; however, the efficacy of insect-based protein nutritional interventions in restoring undernourishment-induced disturbances to brain neurochemistry remains poorly understood.
Almond intake during pregnancy in rats improved the cognitive performance of adult male offspring
Published in Nutritional Neuroscience, 2023
Zahra Bahaeddin, Fariba Khodagholi, Forough Foolad, Fatemeh Emadi, Fatemeh Alijaniha, Shima Zareh Shahamati, Romina Tavassoli Yousef Abadi, Mohsen Naseri
On the other hand, several enzymes and their activity level could influence the CNS performance in different aspects of learning, memory, anxiety, etc. Monoamine oxidases (MAO-A and MAO-B) are enzymes that oxidatively destroy several neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, dopamine, tyramine, serotonin, and some other amines [16]. Inhibition of mentioned enzymes could increase the effectiveness of neurotransmitters by elevation of their exposure time. Changing the balance in MAO-A is associated with conditions including anxiety, depression, schizophrenia, and other psychiatric disorders [17]. Besides, increased MAO-B activity has been seen in neurodegenerative disorders [18]. It has been reported that the prevention of monoamine oxidation associated with MAO could be a target to improve cognitive state [19].
Centella asiatica L. Urban protects against morphological aberrations induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress in rat’s hippocampus via attenuation of oxidative stress
Published in Egyptian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 2022
Saravanan Jagadeesan, Samaila Musa Chiroma, Mohamad Aris Mohd Moklas, Mohamad Taufik Hidayat Baharuldin, Che Norma Mat Taib, Zulkhairi Amom, Thirupathirao Vishnumukkala, Warren Thomas, Onesimus Mahdi
The current drug treatment for depression is based on selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI’s), monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI’s), and tricyclic antidepressants (TCA’s). These treatments have significantly contributed to enhancing the quality of life of individuals with depression, but they are not without their limitations. The current medications do not produce a uniform response among patients, it takes weeks for their effects to be observed and many treatments have significant side effects [16]. The concurrent use of multiple drugs complicates the problems through complex interactions and in particular gives rise to uncertainty regarding their safe use in pregnancy [17]. Fluoxetine is a commonly used antidepressant, and as an SSRI, it inhibits the serotonin transporters at the synaptic cleft. Though in wide use, fluoxetine has side effects including fatigue, weight gain, and sexual dysfunction [18,19]. Thus, though there is a wide range of medications available for the treatment of depression, none of them are universally effective or without side effects. Consequently, there is a need for new therapeutic agents with lesser side effects and broader efficacy [20]. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to consider the critical physiological processes that contribute to stress and depression.