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Gold Nanoparticles as Promising Agents for Cancer Therapy
Published in Hala Gali-Muhtasib, Racha Chouaib, Nanoparticle Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Treatment, 2020
Nadine Karaki, Hassan Hajj Ali, Assem El Kak
The sequential functionalization of tyrosine-reduced GNPs with anionic polyoxometalates (POMs) followed by the cationic lysine was found to exhibit a strong antibacterial activity against a gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and an antitumoral property when tested against human lung carcinoma cells [74].
Magnetic Resonance Contrast Agents for Medical and Molecular Imaging
Published in Astrid Sigel, Helmut Sigel, Metal Ions in Biological Systems, 2004
Matthew J. Allen, Thomas J. Meade
Further, a number of other paramagnetic metal-based molecules and materials are contrast agents. These materials include free transition metal ions such as copper(II) chloride, manganese(II) chloride, and ferric ammonium citrate [8,9]. Linear polymers and dendrimers conjugated to metal ion chelates as well as liposomes containing paramagnetic metal ions are used as MRI contrast agents [10–13]. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles are frequently used as T2 enhancing contrast agents [14,15]. Finally, lanthanide polyoxometalates (e.g., K9GdW10O36) [16], clays and zeolites containing paramagnetic ions [17], and nanoparticles containing gadolinium ions [18,19] have been used to enhance contrast in MRI.
Ribavirin
Published in M. Lindsay Grayson, Sara E. Cosgrove, Suzanne M. Crowe, M. Lindsay Grayson, William Hope, James S. McCarthy, John Mills, Johan W. Mouton, David L. Paterson, Kucers’ The Use of Antibiotics, 2017
Emily Woolnough, Amanda Wade, Joe Sasadeusz
In early in vivo studies, ribavirin was found to be effective in treating influenza infection of mice, ferrets, and squirrel monkeys (Durr et al., 1975; Schofield et al., 1975; Fenton and Potter, 1977; Stephen et al., 1977; Wray et al., 1986a). The treatment of mice experimentally infected with influenza A with ribavirin was as successful as amantadine therapy when the drugs were given within 72 hours of infection. Ribavirin treatment commencing later after infection was less effective than amantadine. It is not surprising because amantadine and rimantadine have no in vitro activity against influenza B virus (see Chapter 265, Amantadine and rimantadine), only ribavirin was effective for mice infected with influenza B (Wilson et al., 1980). Ribavirin was studied in combination with the neuraminidase inhibitor (peramivir) or with a polyoxometalate to treat influenza A, and the in vitro and animal models demonstrated survival benefit from both combinations (Shigeta et al., 1997; Smee et al., 2002). A study in mice compared treatment of new strains of influenza A and B with ribavirin, oseltamivir (a neuraminidase inhibitor, see Chapter 267, Oseltamivir), or a combination of ribavirin and oseltamivir. In mice infected with influenza A, combination therapy offered no survival benefit. There was no difference between the use of ribavirin or oseltamivir alone if treatment was commenced before infection (i.e. prophylactic therapy). However, ribavirin was more effective than oseltamivir if treatment commenced after viral infection. In mice infected with influenza B, both compounds significantly increased survival when treatment started postinfection, but ribavirin was more efficacious, and combination therapy may have been beneficial (Smee et al., 2006).
Emerging theranostics to combat cancer: a perspective on metal-based nanomaterials
Published in Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy, 2022
Tejas Girish Agnihotri, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Aakanchha Jain
MXenes are unique type of nanomaterial due to their potential physical as well as chemical properties. These are inorganic 2D materials containing transition metal nitrides, carbides, and carbonitrides. The MXene represents Max phase (M) with transition metals and (X) shows nitrides/carbides and (A) shows elements like silicone and aluminum. The general formula for these nanomaterials is represented as Mn+1 AXn, where n is in the range of 1–3 [96–99]. It has been widely employed in biomedical applications and cancer theranostics due to its suitable biocompatibility along with optical and electric properties. MXenes are used in drug delivery systems, sensory probes, and auxiliary agents for photothermal therapy and hyperthermia applications [96]. In one of the interesting works, Liu et al. [100] fabricated 2D MXenes for cancer theranostic applications. These MXene nanomaterials further linked with iron oxide NPs exhibited increased contrast in MRI of cancer. The biocompatibility of the prepared composite showed an excellent effect on clinical translation. Zong et al. [101] fabricated polyoxometalate-modified MXenes for cancer theranostics applications. The fabricated composites were given in hyperthermal treatment, along with diagnostic applications being served by CT/MRI for the tumor tissues. The MXenes were used as possible contrasting agents in CT/MRI. This allowed for both diagnostic imaging and hyperthermia treatment for cancer.
Advances in pharmacotherapy for acute kidney injury
Published in Expert Opinion on Pharmacotherapy, 2022
Yali Xu, Ping Zou, Xiaojing Cao
Targeted therapy for AKI requires high renal distribution and low toxicity. A polyoxometalate (POM) containing molybdenum was prepared, and it could escape from the liver and spleen and accumulate in the renal tissues. POM showed good antioxidant activity due to the excellent antioxidant properties of molybdenum ions, which can be converted between Mo5+ and Mo6+ [52]. Most importantly, the molybdenum-containing POM nanoclusters with a diameter less than 10 nm could pass through the renal filtration barrier effectively. In vitro experiments proved that POM was ideal in safety and biocompatibility. Further in vivo results showed that POM nanoclusters had good ability of ROS clearance, as demonstrated by kidney tissue slides, serum tests, dynamic Positron emission tomography imaging, and kidney biomarkers.
Functionalized selenium nanoparticles enhance the anti-EV71 activity of oseltamivir in human astrocytoma cell model
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Jiayu Zhong, Yu Xia, Liang Hua, Xiaomin Liu, Misi Xiao, Tiantian Xu, Bing Zhu, Hong Cao
Several antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir and amantadine have been approved by the FDA in the U.S [10]. In the previous report, oseltamivir was widely investigated as one of the inhibitors against influenza which is a segmented RNA virus [11]. Thus, in this study, oseltamivir was chosen to explore the antiviral action of EV71-infected cells. However, the emergence of drug resistance weakens the antiviral activity of antivirus drugs [12]. Therefore, new technology is needed to improve this situation. Recently, nanomaterials have gradually developed to be an ideal choice for the treatment of virus [13,14]. The design of effective nanoscale antiviral drugs should consider a strategy to control the infection and replication of virus as well as the cytotoxicity against host cells. Vonnemann et al. [15] reported that the polyvalent nanoparticles with various sizes could inhibit the virus. Khanal et al. [16] reported that phenylboronic acid-modified nanoparticles exhibited potent antiviral activity in the treatment of the virus. Wang et al. [17] reported that the broad spectrum antiviral polyoxometalate may become a novel antiviral drug. In our previous research, selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) have been proven to exhibit significant antiviral activity [18,19]. Selenium as an essential trace element control some key biological processes containing specific enzyme modulation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) elimination [19]. A deficiency in selenium could cause susceptibility to the virus infection [20]. Cheng et al. [21] reported that SeNPs could inhibit the replication and transcription of the hepatitis B virus.