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Radionuclide Production
Published in Michael Ljungberg, Handbook of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging for Physicists, 2022
Not just the nuclear reaction is important, but also the chemical composition of the target. To irradiate 18O as a gas would be the purest target (only target nuclide present) but the handling of a highly enriched gas is complicated, in addition to the hot-atom chemistry. Still, for some applications this might be the best choice. To irradiate 18O as an oxide and a solid target is possible but the process after the irradiation to dissolve the target and to chemically separate 18F is complex and the other element in the oxide can potentially contribute with unwanted radioactivity. The target of choice is 18O-water, since 18O is the dominating nucleus and hydrogen does not contribute to any unwanted radioactivity. There is usually no need of target separation, since the water containing 18F often can be directly used in the labelling chemistry, for example, to produce 18FDG. The target water can also, after being diluted with saline, be injected directly into patients, for example, 18F-fluoride for PET bone scans.
Spinal Cord Disease
Published in Philip B. Gorelick, Fernando D. Testai, Graeme J. Hankey, Joanna M. Wardlaw, Hankey's Clinical Neurology, 2020
Clinical and pathologic entity caused by toxic exposure or metabolic derangement resultant from: Deficiency of vitamin B12 (i.e. cobalamin), folate, copper.Exposure to nitrous oxide (NO).Deficiency of vitamin E (i.e. alpha-tocopherol).
Inhalation Toxicity of Metal Particles and Vapors
Published in Jacob Loke, Pathophysiology and Treatment of Inhalation Injuries, 2020
The primary U.S. source of bismuth is as a byproduct of the refining of lead and copper ores. Bismuth is used to produce low-melting alloys for use in fusible elements of specialized products such as sprinklers. It is also added to steel and iron to produce castings that can be machined more easily. The oxide and nitrate forms are used in glass and ceramics manufacture.
Distribution, contamination, toxicity, and potential risk assessment of toxic metals in media from Arufu Pb–Zn–F mining area, northeast Nigeria
Published in Toxin Reviews, 2021
Adeniyi J. Adewumi, Temitope A. Laniyan, Phillips R. Ikhane
All laboratory analyses of samples were carried out at the State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Science, Guiyang, China. Prior to analysis, digestion of samples was carried out using Aqua Regia procedure. One gram of samples was weighed using electronic weighing balance and place into Teflon tubes using a mixture of NO3 and HCl in a ratio of 1:3. This was then placed in metallic container for 16 h at temperature of 110 °C and after which they were transferred to a hotplate where the digestate was allowed heat to near dryness after which 5 ml of the acids were added. After a total digestion of samples, the digestates were diluted with ultrapure water at the ratio of 1:50. For the analysis, Agilent 7700 series inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used. Metals analyzed in the soils, stream sediments, and mine tailings were As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Ni, Pb, Zn, and Fe. For the analysis, high plasma liquid chromatography Agilent 7700 series ICP-MS was used. Standardized samples from the laboratory were measured at interval of 10 samples to serve as quality control for the analysis. Major oxides in the samples were analyzed using X-Ray Fluorescence ARL Quant’x EDXRF spectrometer. Major oxides analyzed include: Al2O3, CaO, CuO, Fe2O3, K2O, MgO, MnO, and LOI. Mineralogical analysis for soils, stream sediments, rocks, and mine-tailings was carried out using ARLTM Equinox 6000 X-Ray diffractometer.
Zinc ferrate nanoparticles for applications in medicine: synthesis, physicochemical properties, regulation of macrophage functions, and in vivo safety evaluation
Published in Nanotoxicology, 2020
Yu Wang, Yajie Liu, Jiajia Li, Xiaoqing Xu, Xinru Li
Toxicity and side effects in vivo have also been concerned and investigated for those oxides. Excessive iron intake caused systemic iron toxicity and organ damage (Farina et al. 2013). As an intrinsic producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), iron caused neuronal oxidative stress and neurodegeneration (Nunez et al. 2012). Zinc oxide NPs induced various types of toxicities such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, mutagenicity, pulmonary toxicity, and inflammation, which were mainly due to release of soluble zinc ions under acid circumstances (Keerthana and Kumar 2020; Alghsham et al. 2019). Although both of them have significant performances and applications respectively, toxicity or adverse reaction barriers of nano-oxide imposed restriction to the further development and commercialization, which urged researchers to expand the scope to discover more safe nano-structured engineering materials.
Metal Nanoparticles in Infection and Immunity
Published in Immunological Investigations, 2020
Other metals which have been investigated as nanoparticles, include those composed of copper, iron, and zinc. In addition, semi-metals such as gallium and bismuth have been incorporated into nanoparticles as well (Hernandez-Delgadillo et al. 2013; Vega-Jimenez et al. 2017). Iron and zinc may decompose into the ionic forms of those elements in acidic cellular compartments, and therefore might be considered partially biodegradable. In addition to pure metal, metal oxides feature prominently in the field of nanoparticles, such as iron oxide NPs, zinc oxide (ZnO) NPs, titanium oxide (TiO2) NPs, and others. Iron oxide can be in the form of Fe2O3 (ferric iron, Fe III) or Fe3O4 (Fe II/III). The latter is magnetic, which means it can be used to separate a target from background in vitro or in vivo. Fe3O4 nanoparticles can also be injected into a target tissue (such as cancerous tumor) and then heated by application of a high frequency alternating magnetic field, known as magnetic hyperthermia.