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Viral neuro-oncogenesis: Polyomaviruses and brain tumors
Published in Avindra Nath, Joseph R. Berger, Clinical Neurovirology, 2020
Martyn K. White, Sidney E. Croul, Kamel Khalili
Conventional therapy for patients with infratentorial or supratentorial ependymomas over the age of 3 years are generally treated with focal field radiotherapy to a total dose of 5000–5500 cGy [87]. Because of the risk of CSF dissemination, patients with anaplastic ependymomas are treated with craniospinal radiotherapy and a focal boost to the tumor site. Children <3 years old are given multiagent chemotherapy in place of radiotherapy because of the deleterious effects of radiotherapy in that age group. Adjuvant chemotherapy with vincristine, cisplatin, and [1-(2-chloroethyl)-3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea] (CCNU) has been tried for newly diagnosed ependymomas and anaplastic ependymomas in children but has not shown clear benefit over gross total resection followed by radiotherapy. Chemotherapy with platinum compounds has also been used for tumor recurrence [86].
Precision medicine in ovarian carcinoma
Published in Debmalya Barh, Precision Medicine in Cancers and Non-Communicable Diseases, 2018
Shailendra Dwivedi, Purvi Purohit, Radhieka Misra, Jeewan Ram Vishnoi, Apul Goel, Puneet Pareek, Sanjay Khattri, Praveen Sharma, Sanjeev Misra, Kamlesh Kumar Pant
Ovarian cancer although not chemocurable is chemoresponsive. The 1960s and ’70s saw the use of single alkylating agents with little success. Gradually there was the development of combination chemotherapy, where initially a combination of cisplatin and cyclophosphamide was used, and currently platinum compounds with paclitaxel are the treatment of choice. Platinum compounds are the most active cytotoxic agents currently used for the treatment of ovarian cancer. According to the American Cancer Society (ACS), the standard approach is the combination of a platinum compound, such as cisplatin or carboplatin, and a taxane, such as paclitaxel (Taxol®) or docetaxel (Taxotere®). For IV chemotherapy, carboplatin is the choice of drug over cisplatin due to its fewer side effects and being as effective. Several other drugs can produce regression of epithelial ovarian cancers, including pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD), gemcitabine, and topotecanin combined with paclitaxel and/or carboplatin with two or three drugs in combination (Bast, 2011).
Malignant disease of the ovary
Published in Helen Bickerstaff, Louise C Kenny, Gynaecology, 2017
Platinum compounds are the most effective chemotherapeutic agents in ovarian cancer. They are heavy metal agents that cause cross linkage of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) strands, thus arresting cell replication. Carboplatin is now the main platinum compound used as it is less renal toxic and causes less nausea than cisplatin, but is equally as effective. The dose of carboplatin is calculated according to the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) using the area under the curve (AUC).
A review on synthetic chalcone derivatives as tubulin polymerisation inhibitors
Published in Journal of Enzyme Inhibition and Medicinal Chemistry, 2022
Wenjing Liu, Min He, Yongjun Li, Zhiyun Peng, Guangcheng Wang
Multi-target drugs have attracted more and more attention. To obtain compounds with high cytotoxicity, the pharmacophore binding to a single compound molecule has become the design method of new anti-tumour drugs107–109. Platinum compounds are widely used in clinical practice but have serious toxic and side effects, such as nephrotoxicity, neurotoxicity, and myelosuppression110. To overcome these shortcomings, researchers have designed novel platinum-based complexes that combine platinum with other pharmacophore groups to reduce toxic side effects. Prompted by this idea, the researcher's combination of the active groups of microtubule inhibitors with cytotoxic DNA-damaging platinum compounds to obtain complexes can also be considered as an effective strategy to target tubulin and DNA, at least theoretically, to enhance the antitumor activity of platinum drugs and overcome their side effects.
Efficacy and safety of chemotherapy regimens for first-line treatment of advanced esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in Asia: a systematic review
Published in Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy, 2022
Jianming Xu, Yuxian Bai, Enxiao Li, Nong Xu, Danfeng Shi, Jing Qian
Platinum, fluoropyrimidine, and taxane are the three most common classes of chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of esophageal cancer [8], and they each have different modes of action. Platinum compounds prevent DNA synthesis by cross-linking DNA strands and, subsequently, induce apoptosis in cancer cells [55]. Combination of cisplatin with fluoropyrimidine and taxanes has been shown to overcome drug-resistance and reduce toxicity and therefore these combinations are widely used in clinical practice [55]. Fluoropyrimidines inhibit thymidylate synthase (TYMS), which interrupts the synthesis of DNA and RNA [56]. Finally, taxanes inhibit tubulin polymerization/depolymerization and cause mitotic arrest, and also act as lipopolysaccharide mimetics that activate macrophages to mediate direct cytotoxicity against tumor cells [57]. Although mechanistic research is inconclusive as to which combination chemotherapy regimen is more advantageous in ESCC, prior studies have shown that oral squamous cell carcinoma cells are more sensitive to taxanes compared to platinum or 5-FU [58]. In addition, cisplatin showed synergistic cytotoxicity with low cytotoxic concentrations of taxane against an oral squamous carcinoma cell line [58], suggesting that the inclusion of paclitaxel in chemotherapy regimens might result in a better therapeutic response in patients with squamous cell carcinoma.
Rs3802278 in 3’-UTR of SULF1 associated with platinum resistance and survival in Chinese epithelial ovarian cancer patients
Published in Journal of Chemotherapy, 2021
Feiyue Zeng, Yujie Liu, Qianying Ouyang, Zeen Sun, Keqiang Zhang, Xi Li, Yingzi Liu
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is one of the most common gynecological malignancies with high mortality and high recurrence rate, while chemoresistance is the major cause for treatment failure in advanced EOC.1,2 The standard treatment for advanced EOC is primary cytoreductive surgery followed by platinum/taxane-based combination chemotherapy. The 60–80% of patients respond positively to initial platinum-based chemotherapy with a complete clinical response (CR). However, approximately 15% of patients will be primary resistance with incomplete response (IR), and an additional 30% will recur within 6 months after completing initial platinum-based chemotherapy. Eventually, the majority of patients becomes resistant or refractory to platinum compounds.3–5 Hence, it is essential to seek out effective biomarkers to judge who are more resistant to platinum-based chemotherapy and need further time-consuming and costly testing (i.e., gene sequencing) to formulate alternative treatment, such as targeted therapies and immunotherapy.