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Fundamentals of Infrared Thermal Imaging
Published in U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer, Artificial Intelligence-Based Infrared Thermal Image Processing and Its Applications, 2023
U. Snekhalatha, K. Palani Thanaraj, Kurt Ammer
“Heat capacity” c is a physical property of matter, defined as the amount of heat to be supplied to an object to produce a unit change in its temperature. The SI unit of heat capacity is joule per kelvin (J/K). Thus, heat capacity describes the ability of matter to store thermal energy. Specific heat capacity cp is found by dividing the heat capacity of an object by its mass. The subscript p in c points to the condition of constant pressure, in which heat supplied to the system would contribute to both the work done and the change in internal energy. Density ρ is defined by the mass of a substance per unit volume. The product of density ρ and specific heat capacity cp is called volumetric heat capacity ρ cp. Finally, thermal diffusivity α combines thermal conductivity with density ρ and specific heat cp: . At interfaces of contact, the product k ρ c represents an important feature of the capacities for heat transfer in transient state. The square root of the product of the material’s thermal conductivity and volumetric heat capacity is called thermal inertia. The greater the thermal inertia, the higher the heat transfer. Thermal inertia explains why the sensation of the temperature of a given object depends not only on its actual temperature, but even more on its k ρ c values (Houdas and Ring, 1982).
Bone Health
Published in Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau, Beyond Menopause, 2023
Carolyn Torkelson, Catherine Marienau
How well do you know your own bones? Have you had a DXA scan to measure your bone health? If so, do you know your T-score? If you have low bone density, how will you build your bone strength to prevent osteoporosis? If you have osteoporosis, how will you stabilize bone loss and rebuild your bone core? We address these questions and more as we take you on the journey to creating new or better pathways to bone health.
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/ Myalgic Encephalomyelitis in Children and Young People
Published in Cathy Laver-Bradbury, Margaret J.J. Thompson, Christopher Gale, Christine M. Hooper, Child and Adolescent Mental Health, 2021
It is important for the young person and their family to understand that fatigue and weakness are exacerbated by excessive rest and inactivity. The effects of inactivity are: Significant effects occur within one to four weeks of bed rest.Reduced muscle volume and strength.Reduced muscle protein and increased connective tissue.Reduced bone mineral density.Joint stiffness.Reduced BMR.Altered white cell function.Changes in immune response.Effect on mood and circadian rhythm.
Economic evaluation of supplemental breast cancer screening modalities to mammography or digital breast tomosynthesis in women with heterogeneously and extremely dense breasts and average or intermediate breast cancer risk in US healthcare
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2023
Michael Blankenburg, Irene Sánchez-Collado, Busayo Oladimeji Soyemi, Örjan Åkerborg, Amrit Caleyachetty, James Harris, Elizabeth Morris, Gillian Newstead, Franziska Lobig
Women with dense breasts face a “four-fold challenge” related to accurate detection of breast cancer. Firstly, greater breast density is associated with elevated cancer risk. Women with dense breasts face a 3–5-fold higher risk of developing breast cancer than those with non-dense breasts4,5. Secondly, breast malignancies are more likely to be missed with routine screening modalities, such as x-ray mammography (XM) and digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) – due to reduced sensitivity in dense breast tissue6–9. Thirdly, while guidelines recommend supplemental screening for women with dense breasts10, there is a lack of clarity on which supplemental modalities are preferred, and there is restricted access to supplemental modalities. Finally, breast density assessment and reporting in XM is inconsistent across the USA. Currently, 38 states are required to inform women about their breast density, but which patients are informed and the type of information received is not standardized across states11. A national requirement by the FDA has been recently issued where, by 2024, all states will need to send federal density notification statements (“not dense” or “dense”) to patients12. This has the potential to enhance the low understanding of elevated risk among women with dense breasts13.
Breast cancer genetics and risk assessment: an overview for the clinician
Published in Climacteric, 2023
After advancing age, increased breast density is the most important single non-genetic risk factor for breast cancer for an individual woman [3,17,23,24]. Breast density reflects the amount of glandular breast tissue compared to adipose tissue within the breast. Breast density is a largely inherited trait, cannot be determined by physical examination and decreases with age. Mammographic breast density, as measured using the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) classification system, defines four categories of breast density: 1 = almost entirely fat, 2 = scattered fibroglandular, 3 = heterogeneously dense, 4 = extremely dense. Both heterogeneously dense and extremely dense breasts are considered high density categories and increase breast cancer risk. Approximately 48% of women of screening age have heterogeneously dense or extremely dense breasts [25–27].
The Effect of Sarcopenia and Metabolic PET-CT Parameters on Survival in Locally Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma
Published in Nutrition and Cancer, 2022
Elanur Karaman, Nur Hursoy, Sibel Goksel
CT was performed before treatment and 1 month after treatment completion. Rectus abdominis muscle thickness, the average density of the psoas muscle, and the average density of the paraspinal muscles were measured at the level of the L3 vertebra in the axial plane from 3-mm sections of unenhanced CT images by a radiologist with 5 years of experience. The radiologist did not have detailed information about the patients. Images were saved in a JPEG format. All density measurements were performed by a radiologist specializing in musculoskeletal radiology using the same area of the region of interest (ROI) and the same levels. The measurement images were recorded; a representative sample is presented in Figure 1. The total area of both psoas muscles and the abdominal wall muscles (rectus abdominis, internal oblique, external oblique, transversus abdominis, psoas and paraspinal muscles) were calculated by semi-automatic measurement using ImageJ (U.S .National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA). The total area of the thigh muscles was calculated from the ending level of the gluteus maximus muscle tendon using the same method. The pre- and post-treatment films were measured at the same anatomical level.