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Nanoparticle-Mediated Small RNA Deliveries for Molecular Therapies
Published in D. Sakthi Kumar, Aswathy Ravindran Girija, Bionanotechnology in Cancer, 2023
Ramasamy Paulmurugan, Uday Kumar Sukumar, Tarik F. Massoud
Gold is a non-toxic inorganic metal that is used in many medical applications. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) of various structures, sizes, and physicochemical properties have been used for biomedical applications in drugs and nucleic acid deliveries and imaging. AuNPs possess good biocompatibility, are easy to synthesize, display monodispersity, and can be functionalized. They serve as an attractive candidate to deliver various payloads (such as small molecule drugs), and large biomolecules (such as genes, siRNAs, and miRNAs). An advantage of using AuNPs is that the intracellular release could be controlled by pH, glutathione (GSH) responsive functionalization, or by external light stimuli [35]. Since AuNPs can be easily tuned for changing their optical, chemical, and physical properties, they have been used for multimodal deep tissue optical and photoacoustic imaging applications, and for laser-induced photothermal ablation of cancers. Recently, relative to lipid-based delivery agents, inorganic nanoparticles have emerged as synthetic nanovectors with several advantages, which include tunable sizes, surface properties, and multifunctional capabilities including their non-toxic nature. AuNPs, in particular, serve as attractive vehicles for nucleic acid delivery applications, owing to their structure, size, inert, non-toxic nature, and surface properties.
Phytonanotechnology
Published in Namrita Lall, Medicinal Plants for Cosmetics, Health and Diseases, 2022
Tafadzwa J. Chiome, Asha Srinivasan
Use of gold nanoparticles in cancer treatment has been forthcoming due to the particles having low cytotoxicity, great surface-to-volume ratio and are stable, which make them well suited for use in chemotherapy and immunotherapy. In order to improve the biocompatibility of material, researchers have turned to using proteins as drug carriers. Proteins are ideal natural molecules for the preparation of nanodrugs, since they are capable of interacting with both the solvents and the drug compounds. As carriers, proteins are both biocompatible and biodegradable such that they can be easily metabolized by the body without inducing any signs of cytotoxicity. They are known for their easy functionalization, which allows for attachment of drugs as well as ligands to facilitate targeted delivery (Kariduraganavar et al., 2019).
Toxicity and Cellular Uptake of Gold Nanoparticles: What We Have Learned So Far *
Published in Valerio Voliani, Nanomaterials and Neoplasms, 2021
Alaaldin M. Alkilany, Catherine J. Murphy
The “nanotoxicity” of different nanomaterials has been a subject of excellent available reviews/perspectives (Colvin 2003; Maynard et al. 2006; Nel et al. 2006; Helmus 2007; Lewinski et al. 2008). In order to focus this Perspective, we highlight one chemical type of nanoparticle: gold. Bulk gold is well known to be “safe” and chemically inert, and gold-based compounds have been used in the clinic as anti-inflammatory agents to treat rheumatoid arthritis (Auranofin® and Tauredon®) (Finkelstein et al. 1976). Furthermore, radioactive gold microparticles have been effectively used in local radioisotope cancer therapy (Metz et al. 1982). Nanoscale gold particles show great potential as photothermal therapy agents and as imaging agents in living systems, as will be described below. In most of these imaging and therapeutic applications, the gold particles are ~5 nm or larger. At sizes larger than ~5 nm, the general assumption is that gold is chemically inert like the bulk. However, the chemical reactivity of gold particles for diameters less than 3 nm is most likely different than both organogold complexes (Turner et al. 2008) and larger gold nanoparticles (Tsoli et al. 2005). In this paper we review the very recent research in the area of cytotoxicity and biological uptake for gold nanoparticles.
Subscriber continuity in health insurance plans: factors associated with re-enrollment and coverage changes
Published in Journal of Medical Economics, 2020
Melissa H. Roberts, Xuanhao He, Claudia Díaz Fuentes, Nicholas Edwardson
Regression models for downward movement also identified relatively few significant factors, but more than for upward movement (Table 4). For Gold family subscribers, no factors were significantly associated with keeping a Gold metal plan. For these subscribers, factors positively associated with moving down were: having Carrier #2, base year 2016 compared to 2015, inpatient utilization, and other care/screening utilization. However, for Gold individual subscribers there were a few factors associated with keeping a Gold plan: 12 months base-year enrollment, emergency department utilization, other care/screening utilization, and pharmacy costs in the top 10%. Base year and carrier were also positively associated with moving down for Gold family subscribers, as well as having ambulatory care utilization.
Assessment of stress/strain in dental implants and abutments of alternative materials compared to conventional titanium alloy—3D non-linear finite element analysis
Published in Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 2020
Pedro Henrique Wentz Tretto, Mateus Bertolini Fernandes dos Santos, Aloisio Oro Spazzin, Gabriel Kalil Rocha Pereira, Atais Bacchi
In regards of material composition, the titanium alloy is still the gold standard material for use in dental implants, mainly because of its biocompatibility and ability to generate osseointegration (Rupp et al. 2018). However, it has been suggested that this material can be considered biomechanically incompatible because of its greater modulus of elasticity compared to that of bone tissue (Chan et al. 2018). In addition, titanium corrosion leads to release of metal ions and debris under physiological conditions (Cordeiro et al. 2017), which may also be related to peri-implant bone destruction (Fretwurst et al. 2018). Therefore, alternative materials have been developed, with different lines of interest, such as materials of lower modulus of elasticity, closer to that of bone tissue, and materials that do not suffer corrosion.
Synthesis and characterization of gold nanoparticles from Abies spectabilis extract and its anticancer activity on bladder cancer T24 cells
Published in Artificial Cells, Nanomedicine, and Biotechnology, 2019
Tao Wu, Xi Duan, Chunyan Hu, Changqiang Wu, Xiaobin Chen, Jing Huang, Junbo Liu, Shu Cui
Currently, nanoparticles play a major role in the medical sector as a major tool in nanomedicine drug delivery system for cancer therapy. Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are used in modern medical and biology studies, as well as drug delivery, photothermal cancer therapy, chemical and biochemical sensing, imaging and catalysis [1,2]. Gold nanoparticles are widely used for medical applications such as diagnostics, therapy, prevention and hygiene [3]. AuNPs synthesized from microorganisms [4], algae [5], fungi [5], and plant materials [6,7] have been reported. There are several methods for the synthesis of diverse nanoparticles, such as physical and chemical as well as biological methods. Physical and chemical methods employ high pressure, temperature and toxic chemicals which may be risky to both the environment and humans. Therefore, to avoid the above risks, an environment eco-friendly technique for synthesis of nanoparticle is required.