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Apiaceae Plants Growing in the East
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Ethnopharmacology of Wild Plants, 2021
Sherweit El-Ahmady, Nehal Ibrahim, Nermeen Farag, Sara Gabr
A. graveolens is characterized by a peculiar fragrance attributed to its volatile constituents. Celery leaves display the highest yield of volatile oil which is mainly composed of α- and β-pinene, myrcene, limonene, 1-dodecanol, 9-octadecen-12-ynoic acid methyl ester and tetradecence-1-ol acetate (Malhotra 2012, Nagella et al. 2012). On the other hand, the fruit volatile oil contains mainly limonene, phthalides as 3-n-butyl phthalide, sedanenolide and sedanolide in addition to α- and β-selinene, apiol, sedanonic anhydride and caryophyllene (Hassanen et al. 2015). The fruit oil is more enriched in sesquiterpenoids than leaf oil, while the leaf oil contains more monoterpenoids (Sowbhagya 2014). Phthalides are responsible for most of the medicinal effects of celery including anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and insecticidal activities (Sowbhagya 2014).
Natural Variability of Essential Oil Components
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
In Apiaceae species, a relatively low biological variability in essential oil composition is usual. Another example may be lovage (Levisticum officinale), whose aromatic volatile (essential oil) and non-volatile (mainly coumarin-type) compounds justify the application of each part of the plant as a popular spice. However, the most valuable organ is the root. The main components of the root essential oil are alkyl-phthalide type compounds, among which the most abundant ones are usually Z-ligustilide and butylidene-phthalide (Szebeni et al., 1992; Venskutonis, 1995; Novák, 2006). Only in exceptional cases have other compounds been detected as major ones, like 49% phellandrene (Scottish accession) or 26% terpinyl acetate (Dutch accession) in the investigations of Raal et al. (2008). Our own investigations on ten accessions of lovage originating from different European countries ascertained that the compositional variability is low (unpublished). The phthalides are the main components of the distilled oil practically in each accession (Figure 4.2). The presence of two isomers, E and Z, makes the pictures somewhat more diverse; however, their ratios are not significantly different in either of the accessions. In each case, the Z isomer is in multiple concentrations present more than the other one.
Catalog of Herbs
Published in James A. Duke, Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2018
Blanched petioles of celery are eaten as a pre-dinner appetizer, as a vegetable in salads, as a relish with meats and fish, or cooked as a flavoring or vegetable in soups, stews, stuffing mixtures, and in pickles and sauces. Leaves are used as a garnish, and seeds for a condiment. Oil of celery, steam-distilled from the seeds, is used as a condiment. Oil of celery is principally used to flavor canned foods, soups, sauces, sausages, etc. It is also used in perfumery and in pharmaceuticals. An oleoresin distilled from the seeds constitutes a safer condiment. Antioxidant activity is reported from the seeds. Wild celery, considered to be poisonous, was used for centuries as a medicine to purify the blood. However, when celery is cultivated, the stalks become less bitter and more palatable. Clinically, celery juice has proven hypotensive in 14 or 16 hypertensive males taking 40 mℓ orally three times a day with honey or syrup.29 Phthalides in celery seed oil are sedative in mice.
Senkyunolide A inhibits the progression of osteoarthritis by inhibiting the NLRP3 signalling pathway
Published in Pharmaceutical Biology, 2022
Minglei Shao, Dongwei Lv, Kai Zhou, Haijun Sun, Zhitao Wang
Herbal medicine has been used to treat OA worldwide (Cameron and Chrubasik 2014). These traditional herbal medicines have attracted much attention in the treatment of OA due to their low toxicity and anti-inflammatory biological effects. Hyperoside (Sun et al. 2021), Paeonia lactiflora Pall (Ranunculaceae) (Zhu et al. 2019), Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi (Lamiaceae) (Khan NM et al. 2017), Zingiber officinale Rosc (Zingiberaceae) (Ruangsuriya et al. 2017), Nigella sativa L. (Ranunculaceae) (Salimzadeh et al. 2017), Phyllantus (Euphorbiaceae) species (Buddhachat et al. 2017), Phyllanthus amarus Schum (Euphorbiaceae) (Pradit et al. 2015), chuanxiong (Ye et al. 2011) and others (Ruamrungsri et al. 2016) have been reported to play an anti-inflammatory role in OA. Senkyunolide A (SenA) is an important phthalide in Ligusticum chuanxiong Hort (Umbelliferae) (Chan et al. 2007). In recent years, SenA received increasing attention for its anti-spasmodic and neuroprotective effects (Gong et al. 2018; Zheng et al. 2018). However, the therapeutic effect of SenA on OA has never been reported. Studies reported that the NLRP3 inflammasome generates degradative enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines (such as IL-1β and TNF-α) to participate in the pathogenesis of many arthritic diseases (McAllister et al. 2018; An et al. 2020). The study of Jia et al. (2021) described the relationship between NLRP3 and risk factors of OA, OA pain, synovitis and cartilage degeneration in detail. Furthermore, it has been reported that Chinese herbal medicine could alleviate OA through restraining NLRP3-mediated inflammatory necrosis (Zu et al. 2019).
Inhibition of CYP2C9 by natural products: insight into the potential risk of herb-drug interactions
Published in Drug Metabolism Reviews, 2020
Kai Wang, Qing Gao, Tingting Zhang, Jinqiu Rao, Liqin Ding, Feng Qiu
Noscapine, a naturally occurring phthalide isoquinoline alkaloid obtained from Papaver somniferum L., has been broadly accepted as a safe and promising oral antitussive for a long time (Chen et al. 2015). Nevertheless, several clinical DDI reports related to noscapine showed that serious adverse drug response (bleeding or increased INR (international normalized ratio)) occurred when warfarin was coadministered (Ohlsson et al. 2008; Scordo et al. 2008). Noscapine also markedly increased the losartan phenotypic index after multiple dosing of twelve healthy subjects, which was indicative of CYP2C9 enzyme inhibition (Rosenborg et al. 2010). The human liver microsome (HLM) incubation study showed that noscapine exhibited time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP2C9, and kinetic analysis demonstrated that the inhibition mode showed the best fit for noncompetitive type with a Ki value of 8.9 μM (Fang et al. 2010). Interestingly, further research demonstrated that noscapine inhibited (S)-warfarin metabolism in both an NADPH- and time-dependent manner, and CYP2C9 activity was not recovered by ultrafiltration analysis, suggesting that noscapine was a mechanism-based inactivator of CYP2C9. The mechanism related to the MBI of CYP2C9 by noscapine was likely to be correlated with the metabolic activation of the methylenedioxyphenyl group that was incorporated into the noscapine structure (Zhang et al. 2013). Specifically, its bioactivation is possibly initiated by O-dealkylation, by which the methylenedioxyphenyl group is metabolized to the corresponding catechol, and sequential oxidation of the catechol produces an ortho-quinone. The resulting quinone may be responsible for enzyme inhibition (Mao et al. 2015).
Metabolic and pharmacological profiling of Penicillium claviforme by a combination of experimental and bioinformatic approaches
Published in Annals of Medicine, 2022
Zafar Ali Shah, Khalid Khan, Zafar Iqbal, Tariq Masood, Hassan A. Hemeg, Abdur Rauf
P. claviforme belongs to the section Penicillium clavigerum. It has well-developed and compact coremia and conidiophores, which distinguishes it from other species of the genus Penicillium [19]. Five recognised compounds were isolated from P. Claviforme in research, including cyclopeptin, m-hydroxybenzyl alcohol, isopatulin, 3-butyl-7-hydroxyphthalide, cyclopenine, and two new phthalides [20]. Similarly, three new andrastine derivatives from P. vulpinum have also been isolated and shown to have strong inhibitory activity [21].