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Consumer Views on Health Issues Arising from Food Products
Published in Megh R. Goyal, Preeti Birwal, Santosh K. Mishra, Phytochemicals and Medicinal Plants in Food Design, 2022
Harita R. Desai, Murlidhar Meghwal
Insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides are some common classes of pesticides frequently used in agriculture. Organophosphates (such as Malathion and Chlorpyrifo) are used as pesticides for growth of fruits, vegetables, cereals, etc. [3]. The use of pesticides in food has been regulated and assessed. Pesticides are unique set of chemicals with selective toxicity and effects on biological targets. A specific pesticide is allowed to be used in growth of a plant only after assessing the effect of the residual amount of pesticide present in the final food product [76].
Argentinian Wild Plants as Controllers of Fruits Phytopathogenic Fungi
Published in Mahendra Rai, Shandesh Bhattarai, Chistiane M. Feitosa, Wild Plants, 2020
María Inés Stegmayer, Norma Hortensia Álvarez, María Alejandra Favaro, Laura Noemí Fernandez, María Eugenia Carrizo, Andrea Guadalupe Reutemann, Marcos Gabriel Derita
The management of the disease in Argentina integrates application of fungicides with cultural measures, such as the removal of fruit mummies and the pruning of twigs with cankers to reduce inoculum levels. At present, management of M. fructicola with fungicides constitutes a challenge for several reasons (Mondino 2014). A high number of applications are required to protect flowers and fruits, taking into account the long susceptibility period for the infection. Fungicides, such as dithiocarbamates, which present low possibility to generate resistance, have long waiting periods, which make application at fruit maturity difficult. Other fungicides with shorter waiting periods show high risk of resistance build-up. Fungicide resistance between isolates of M. fruticola has been widely reported for several groups of fungicides, such as quinone outside inhibitor, dicarboxamides, benzimidazoles, and demethylation inhibitors (Tran et al. 2019). Furthermore, carbendazim-resistant isolates have been found in producing areas of Argentina (Mitidieri and Castillo 2014).
Sources of Essential Oils
Published in K. Hüsnü Can Başer, Gerhard Buchbauer, Handbook of Essential Oils, 2020
Chlodwig Franz, Johannes Novak
In contrast to organic production, where no use of pesticides is permitted, a small number of insecticides, fungicides, and herbicides are approved for conventional herb production. The number, however, is very restricted (end of 2008 several active substances lost registration at least in Europe), and limits for residues can be found in national law and international regulations, for example, the European Pharmacopoeia. For essential oils, mainly the lipophilic substances are of relevance since they can be enriched over the limits in the oil.
Novel avenues for identification of new antifungal drugs and current challenges
Published in Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery, 2022
Antifungal agents can be divided either according to the mechanism of action into nonspecific and specific acting or according to the purpose of use into approved for human or veterinary administration antimycotics and agricultural fungicides. Nonspecific antifungals (disinfectants and antiseptics) are applied for topical/local treatment of the skin or mucous. Various essential oils (terpenoid-based compounds of natural origin) can be classified as nonspecific fungicides. All fungicides with a specific mechanism of action are summarized in FRAC Code List© [27]. Antimycotics are summarized, for example, in [28–30]. In general, specific antimycotics can be divided according to the mode of action and classified to: i) drugs interacting with cell wall; ii) drugs inhibiting ergosterol-synthesizing enzymes; iii) inhibitors of transport processes; iv) inhibitors of nucleic acid synthesis; v) inhibitors of protein synthesis; and vi) inhibitors of microtubule synthesis.
Electron Beam Irradiated Chitosan elicits enhanced antioxidant properties combating resistance to Purple Blotch Disease (Alternaria porri) in Onion (Allium cepa).
Published in International Journal of Radiation Biology, 2022
Harshvardhan Dattatray Gaikwad, Sunil Govind Dalvi, Shrihari Hasabnis, Penna Suprasanna
Onion is the most extensively grown vegetable species in the Allium genus but is challenged by fungal diseases such as purple blotch, Stemphylium blight, downy mildew, Fusarium basal rot, white rot, rust, smut, and black mold. Purple blotch caused by Alternaria porri is a devastating foliar diseases in all the Allium cultivating countries (Kareem et al. 2012). Alternaria sp. is the most mycotoxigenic fungi which secretes toxins such as tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, and tentoxin with demonstrated role in mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and metabolic disorders (Lee et al. 2015; Escrivá et al. 2017). Alternaria porri infection results in severe yield losses ranging from 5% to 96.5% in both the bulb and seed crop (Gupta et al. 1994). Since biological control measures are unable to control the disease successfully, chemical fungicides are majorly advocated (Yadav et al. 2017). Although other practices such as low dense planting, well-drained soil, the application of drip irrigation, and use of resistant or tolerant variety and fingicide spray are adopted, prevention of the purple blotch disease is still a major challenge (Mishra et al. 2014). Chemical control through seed treatment with thiram and frequent application of recommended fungicides like foliar sprays of mancozeb (Shaikh and Anandhan 2013) often results in the development of resistance in pathogenic fungi and presence of residue has become a major environmental concern (Damalas and Eleftherohorinos 2011).
Evaluation of the acute toxic effect of azoxystrobin on non-target crayfish (Astacus leptodactylus Eschscholtz, 1823) by using oxidative stress enzymes, ATPases and cholinesterase as biomarkers
Published in Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 2021
Aysel Alkan Uçkun, Özden Barım Öz
The use of fungicides in agriculture is increasing. Strobilurins constitute one of the most important classes of fungicides. Azoxystrobin (methyl (E)-2-[2-[6–(2-cyanophenoxy) pyrimidin-4-yl] oxyphenyl]-3 methoxyprop-2-enoate) is used to protect crops (Bartlett et al. 2002). It was reported in previous studies that azoxystrobin has toxic effects on invertebrates and fish in river mouths, freshwater and seas (Rodrigues et al. 2013). Azoxystrobin is thought to have low toxic effects on mammals, birds and bees; however, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has classified azoxystrobin as very toxic to many aquatic organisms (Bartlett et al. 2002, van Wijngaarden et al. 2014). Due to its high water solubility and wide usage, it is inevitable to release azoxystrobin into various aquatic environments (Kahle et al. 2008, Lu et al. 2018). In the relevant reports, it is stated that the residual value of azoxystrobin in various aquatic environments is between 0.01–29.70 µgL-1 (Jørgensen et al. 2012), and the half-life of azoxystrobin in water is 15–28 days (Tomlin 2000).